面向对象系统分析与设计
1998-06
清华大学出版社
诺曼
430
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本书分三大部分：I.介绍系统分析与设计，进而讨论系统的开发过程，包括可行性分析，需求确定活动，面向对象方法学及面向对象模型；II.讨论物理设计及其实现，包括输出设计，输入设计，文件与数据库设计，软件的构造及测试概念，最后涉及技术与组织行为的关系；III.各种相辅相成的专题介绍，这些专题起着对前两部分内容的补充作用，或可作为系统分析和设计的工具，其内容都很重要。本书强调实用性，是作者多年教学经验的总结，尽量少用学生难于接受的概念及理论，而以丰富的实践经验材料来充实内容，因而更适用作大学生学习信息系统开发或软件工程的教材，也可作研究生学习的参考资料。
作者简介
RONALDJ.NORMAN
作者是圣地亚哥州立大学从事信息与决策系统方面的教授。
1987年在阿利桑那大学以“管理信息系统及组织行为”方面
获博士学信。已有25年以上的工业信息管理系统方面的经验
包括软件开发，顾问咨询及管理等。出版著作颇丰。在国际
学术交流活动中较为活跃。
PREFACE XIX Part I Systems Analysis and Conceptual Design 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter Objectives 1 Systems Analysis and Design Has Many Other Names 2 What is a System? 4 What is an Information System? 5 What is an Automated Information System? 7 What are the Basic Characteristics of an Information System? 8 What is Systems Analysis and Design ? 10 What Makes Systems Analysis and Design such a Difficult Human Endeavor? 10 Stakeholders of an Information System 12 Systems Analysis and Design as a Career 13 What does a Systems Analyst Responsible For? 14 What is a Systems Analyst Responsible For? 14 Systems Analysis and Design Skills and Activities 15 General Model of Systems Analysis and Design 17 The Detailed Activities of Analysis and Design 18 Systems Analysis and Design Projects 21 Where do Information Systems Analysis and Design Projects Come From? 22 Information Systems Requirements Specification 23 Information Systems Life Cycle and Information Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLG) 24 Principles to Guide Information Systems Analysis and Design 26 Summary 27 Questions 27 References 28 2. FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS AND REQUIREMENTS DETERMINATION 29 Chapter Objectives 29 Feasibility Analysis 30 Feasibility Types, 30 Requirements Determination 33 Problem Domain 35 Frameworks for Understanding and Doing Requirements Determination 37 Requirements Determination sub－Activities,38 The Pieces Framework 38 Kozarˊs Requirements Model 40 Object－Oriented Requirements Determination Modeling Activities 44 Methods Used to Gather an Information System's Requirements 45 Feedback to the User,48 Requirements Ambiguity 49 Summary 51 Questions 52 References 53 3. AN OBJECT-ORIENTED METHODOLOGY AND MODEL 55 Chapter Objectives 55 Methodologies 55 The Traditional Methodology 56 Structured Analysis and Design Methodology,56 Information Modeling Methodology 58 Object-Oriented Methodology 59 Key Characteristics of an Object-Oriented Methodology 60 Two Classic Problems Resolved with Object-Oriented Analysis and Design 66 Classification Theory 67 Coad's Object-Oriented Methodology 68 Coad's Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Methodology and Notation 68 Coad's Object Model Components,72 An Object-Oriented Model 73 Summary 82 Questions 82 References 83 4. OBJECTS AND CLASSES 86 Chapter Objectives 86 Objects and Classes 87 Object and Class Rules and Guidelines 88 Class Attributes and Services Defined 89 Comment on Object-Oriented Problem Solving Strategy 91 Finding Objects 92 Wirfs-brock Noun Phrase Strategy 92 Wirfs-brock CRC Strategy 94 Conglomeration strategy 94 the Video Store Example-finding Objects 96 A Future Enhancements Strategy 98 Summary 99 Questions 100 References 101 5. OBJECT RESPONSIBILITIES:ATTRIBUTES 102 Chapter Objectives 102 Attributes 103 Determining Attributes 106 Attribute Types 107 Object-Oriented Methodology strategy for Different Attribute Types 109 Object-oriented Strategy for Multivalue Attributes 110 The Video Store Example-Identifying attributes 112 Summary 113 Questions 114 References 115 6. OBJECT RESPONSIBILITIES:CLASS AND OBJECT CONNECTIONS 116 Chapter Objectives 116 "Who'I'Know"Responsibility of an Object 117 Object Patterns 118 Generalization-Specialization Pattern 118 Generalization-Specialization Inheritance 125 Pattern 128 Heuristics for Finding Whole-Part Patterns 134 Object Connection Patterns 136 Video Store Example 144 Summary 147 Questions 147 References 148 7. OBJECT RESPONSIBILITIES:SERVICES AND SCENARIOS 149 Chapter Objectives 149 "What I Do"Responsibility of an Object 150 Business Objectives & Tactics, Information Systems Objectives and Tactics, and Policies and Procedures 150 Types of Services 151 Basic services 151 Problem Domain Specific Services 154 Finding and Identifying Services 159 The Video Store Example-Identifying Services,161 Other Techniques for Identifying Services 162 Service Details 164 Techniques for Documenting and Describing Service Details 164 Scenarios 165 Structured English of Pseudocode 166 Decision Tables and Decision Trees 168 A Decision Table Example 171 A Decision Tree Example 174 State-Transition Diagrams 176 The Video Store Example-Assigning Services to Classes and Message Connections 177 Transition From Systems Analysis to Systems Analysis to Systems Design 180 Summary 181 Questions 182 References 183 Part II Physical Design & Implementation 8. SYSTEMS DESIGN 184 Chapter Objectives 184 Information Systems Design 185 Historical Information Systems Design 185 An Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Methodology 187 Information Systems Design strategy Choices 187 Object-Oriented Design 193 Alternative Object-Oriented Information Systems Development Strategies 202 Summary 203 Questions 204 References 205 9. OUTPUT DESIGN 206 Chapter Objectives 206 Output: High Quality, Usable Information 207 Output types 209 Internal, External, and Turnaround Outputs 209 Static and Dynamic Outputs 211 Output Devices and Media 212 Output Formats 214 Output: Report Types 214 Output: Graphs 221 Output: Internal Controls 225 The Future of Output Design 227 Summary 227 Questions 228 References 228 10. INPUT DESIGN 229 Chapter Objectives 229 Introduction 229 The Many Facets of Input Data 231 Data Validation and Verification 231 Input Data Methods 232 Input Devices 235 General Guidelines for Inputing Data 235 Graphical User Interface(GUI)design for Input 242 Summary 247 Questions 247 References 248 11. FILE AND DATABASE DESIGN 249 Chapter Objectives 249 Files and Databases 250 Data Structures 252 Attribute Classifications 254 File Types 258 File Access and Organization 262 Normalization 265 Object-Oriented Database 279 Evolution of Object-Oriented Database 279 Characteristics of an Object-Oriented Data Model 280 Strengths of an Object-Oriented Database 282 Weaknesses of an Object-Oriented Database 284 Summary 284 Questions 285 References 285 12. SOFTWARE CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING 286 Chapter Objectives 286 Introduction 286 General Software Design Principles 288 Software Construction Framework 291 Object-Oriented software Construction Framework 293 Software construction Strategies 293 Cohesion and Coupling 295 Object-oriented Cohesion and Coupling 299 Software Testing 299 Software Testing Strategies 300 A Generic Software Testing Methodology 303 Application and Code Generators 308 Summary 308 Questions 309 References 309 13. IMPLEMENTATION 310 Chapter Objectives 310 Introduction 310 Install: The First Phase of Implementation 311 Activate: The Second Phase of Implementation 314 Institutionalization: The Final Phase of Implementation 316 Organizational (Planned) Change for Information Systems 318 The stages of Organizational Change 319 Action Research and Force Field Analysis 322 Implementation Critical success Factors 325 Summary 326 Questions 326 References 327 Part III Modules-Miscellaneous Systems Analysis and Design Topics A. IMFORMATION SYSTEMS PLANNING 329 Module Objectives 329 Introduction 329 A Generic Information Systems Planning Methodology 331 Why Engage in Information Systems Planning? 334 Information Systems Planning Techniques and Methodologies 335 Summary 335 Questions 335 References 336 B. PROTOTYPING 337 Module Objectives 337 Prototyping's Placement within a Systems Development Life Cycle 338 Product versus Information Systems Prototyping Differences 338 Prototyping Benefits 339 Prototyping's Risk 340 Prototyping Synonyms 341 Enabling Technologies for Prototyping 342 Does Prototyping Work? 343 How to Initiate Prototyping 344 Summary 345 Questions 345 References 345 C. COMPUTER-AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING(CASE) 346 Module Objectives 346 Introduction 346 CASE Architecture 347 The Stages of CASE Usage 349 The Benefits of CASE 349 The Issues of CASE 349 Summary 351 Questions 351 References 351 D. SOFTWARE PROCESS IMPROVEMENT 353 Module Objectives 353 Introduction 353 Immature and Mature Systems Development Organizations 354 The five Maturity Levels of the SEI Capability Maturity Model 355 A Generic Systems Development Process Improvement Model 358 The ISO 9000 Process Improvement Methodology 359 Summary 359 Questions 360 References 360 E. THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGE 361 Module Objectives 361 Introduction 361 Software Development's Quadruple Constraint 363 Information Technology Management Issues 364 Systems development Risks 364 Systems Analysis and Design versus Software Engineering 365 A systems Development Architecture for the 1990s 366 SDLC, Methodology, Technique, and Tool 369 Summary 371 Questions 371 References 372 F. PROJECT MANAGEMENT 373 Module Objectives 373 Introduction 373 Two Tools: PERT Network and Gantt Chart 375 The PERT Network 376 A PERT Network Example 377 PERT Network Strengths and Weaknesses 381 The Gantt Chart 383 A Gantt Chart Example 384 Summary 384 Questions 385 References 386 G. COMMUNICATION AND ELECTRONIC MEETINGS 387 Module Objectives 387 Communication within an Information Systems development Project 388 Systems Development Project Communication Opportunities 389 Problem Solving session Strategy 392 Electronic Meetings to Support Group Work 393 Summary 395 Questions 395 References 395 H. BUSINES PROCESS REENGINEERING 396 Module Objectives 396 Introduction 396 Lessons Learned from Organizations that Have Done It 397 The Core of Business Process Reengineering 398 Business Process Reengineering is Organizational Change 399 A Business Process Reengineering Strategy 399 Summary 399 Questions 400 References 400 GLOSSARY 401 RECOMMENDED READING TO GET STARTED-AUGUST 1995 410 BIBLIOGRAPHY-OBJECT-ORIENTED TECHNOLOGY 411 INDEX 421
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