唐县高昌墓地发掘报告
2010-10
文物出版社
南水北调中线建设干线建设管理局 等编
290
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An Excavation Report on Gaochang
Cemetery (Abstract) The "South -to- North Water Diveion Project" is
another large -scale hydraulic engineering work following the
"Three Gorgeous Projects" , and also another startling move of
Chinese government. The archaeological work, which coordinates with
this project, has become an urgent and arduous task for the three
provinces and one city along the line. In the summer of 2002, from
the end of 2003 to the beginning of 2004, and during the autumn
season of the same year, Hebei Province -acting in concert with the
water project -successively launched three archaeological
investigation, exploration and primary excavation work, eventually
fixing on 114 sites with abundant remaining relics. On the basis of
importance and preservation conditio, all these sites were
classified into "A, B, C, D" four levels as requested, among which
Gaochang cemetery was designated as Level B. Lasting from May 11,
2005 to September 30, the exploration and excavation work at
Gaochang cemetery was completed to explore an area of 5000 square
metres, 131 tombs. Among all these tombs, there are 7 earthen -
shafts of the Warring States Period, 92 earthen - shafts of the
Western Han Dynasty, 20 brick - chambered tombs of the Western and
Eastern Han Dynasties, 6 were from the Northern Dynasties to the
Sui Dynasty, one from the Song Dynasty, one earthen - shaft of the
Qing Dynasty, and four unknown tombs, unearthing more than 700 sets
of numbered funeral objects such as pottery, copper, iron, agate ,
porcelain, bone, glass, paint,etc. All the relevant information of
the 131 excavated tomb are covered by this report. The report
coists of three parts: Part I is an overview; Part 11 is the tombs'
information;Part m is a preliminary study. The fit part is divided
into three chapte, each depicting the general situation of the
cemetery and the working methods, profiles, contents as well as the
collation and compilation of materials, etc. Part 11 starts with
the tombs' era as a framework, then recounts them one by one in the
order from small to big serial numbe. Each tomb, whether robbed or
not, relies on raw material as its basis, then goes through indoor
collation of materials and restoration and checking of objects, and
then respectively depicted according to each tomb' s position, time
of excavation, status quo of its preservation, filling' s color and
composition,the tomb' s structure, the positio of coffi, bones,
burial objects and the features of every burial object. Generally,
each tomb has an attached profile, some of them also has photos.
Burial objects has attached outline drawings based on the tombs,
the better and more intact one is the choice from the same items.
Part III of preliminary study involves seven chapte: cemetery
overview; tombs' structure and the combination of burial objects;
burial objects, decorative pottery of the Warring States Period and
the Han Dynasty ; co - burial of different graves among the earthen
- shafts of the Westeru Han Dynasty ; the traition from earthen -
shafts to brick - chambered tombs ; the tombs' era and the owner' s
speculation. "Cemetery overview" summarizes how the tombs of
different periods surround a rock mound,meanwhile generalizes the
main burial customs. In the order of time periods, the chapter of
"tombs' structure and the combination of burial objects" concludes
the characteristics of tombs'struture, respectively from the
filling, tombs' direction and size, tombs' furniture, skeleton, the
combination of burial objects, etc. The conclusion, which is about
the features of 92 earthen - shafts of the Western Han Dynasty, is
particularly detailed. It divides the pottery of the burial objects
into 7 combinatio, among which the gallipots or the daily
combination of gallipots and pottery bowls are the most common. The
chapter of "burial objects" - also in the order of time -
generalizes the burial objects of all periods, roughly describing
according to such classificatio as pottery, copper, iron, pewter,
jade, glass, bone, lacquer, etc. The 7 tombs of the Warring States
Period and the 112 of the Western and Eastern Han Dynasties vary
greatly on the number and variety of burial objects, as a result,
independent forms of narratio are adopted. The pottery is divided
for their types and forms based on the traditional method, each one
is marked with the unearthed number as well as the general
characteristic of its type and form, moreover, each form is marked
with the number of tombs containing such items, and descriptive
examples are also provided. Chapter four of "decorative pottery of
the Warring States Period and the Han Dynasty" summarizes how the
items were molded and the main shapes of their various parts as
well as the main decoration methods and ornamental patter.
Furthermore, this chapter also provides description along with
drawings of rubbings for the main patter, such as whirling mark
(旋纹), cord mark, chequer, impressed complex of looped cord (绳圈印纹),
nail pattern, dancette and the combination of whirling mark (旋纹),
fret pattern, cord mark; the combination of whirling mark (旋纹),
chequer, cord mark; the combination of whirling mark (旋纹), cord
mark,short - string pattern, the combination of whirling mark (旋纹),
cord mark, impressed complex of looped cord (绳圈印纹). The " impressed
complex of looped cord (绳圈印纹) " and its combination are rare
patter, which not only can decorate but also locate the '" ear" and
the handle of an item. It' s one of the unique patter that
prevailed in certain areas during the Han Dynasty. The chapter - "
co - burial of different graves among the earthen - shafts of the
Western Hart Dynasty" - cites the 34 tombs of Western Han Dynasty
of Gaochang cemetery as concrete demotratio, every two tombs make
up a group and are side by side, which clarifies the prevalent
"husband and wife buried together" during the earthen - shafts
period. This chapter also expounds that the idea of " male
superiority" almost dominated the whole class society of China, the
idea is also reflected in the burial position of men and women due
to their different social status." Right is superior, left is
inferior" - such idea was widespread, especially in the Warring
States Period and the Han Dynasty, in line with this idea, the
social reality of "male left, female right"when burying has come
into being in most of the areas. Another significant accomplishment
of the excavation in Gaochang Cemetery is the traition from earthen
-shafts to brick -chambered tombs, by analyzing several tombs of
special styles of this particular period such as brick - framed
tombs and also brick - framed ones with flat tops, for the fit
time, however, this article has clearly claimed that such styles
were of popularity in certain areas during the traition period from
earthen - shafts to brick - chambered tombs. They still maintained
the structure of wooden coffin of the earthen - shafts period, at
the same time adopted brick frames and flat tops, even without
evident tomb doo and passage ways, they are much more primitive
than brick- spanned tops and domed tops of mature periods. The last
chapter involves the tombs' era and the owner' s speculation, by
making contrasts between tombs of major periods and recently -
published materials on the same period, then leading to inference
about the tombs' relative times, with particularly detailed
classification on the most tombs of Han Dynasty according to
different time periods. Based on the above - mentioned analysis
about the structure of tombs and conclusio about the combination of
burial objects as well as their types and forms, meanwhile taking
the unearthed coi into coideration, this chapter divides the tombs
of Han Dynasty into five periods: the early Western Han Dynasty,
the mid-Western Han Dynasty, the late Western Han Dynasty, the end
of Western Han Dynasty to the early Eastern Han Dynasty, the middle
and late Eastern Han Dynasty.
序言
第一章 概述
第一节 墓地概况及工作方法
第二节 工作概况及内容
第三节 材料整理与编写
第二章 墓葬资料
第一节 战国时期墓葬
一 M65
二 M77
三 M82
四 M102
五 M105
六 M106
七 M128
第二节 西汉时期土坑墓葬
一 M1
二 M2
三 M3
四 M4
五 M5
六 M6
七 M7
八 M8
九 M9
一0 M10
一一 M11
一二 M12
一三 M13
一四 M14
一五 M15
一六 M16
一七 M17
一八 M20
一九 M23
二0 M25
二一 M27
二二 M28
二三 M29
二四 M30
二五 M31
二六 M32
二七 M33
二八 M34
二九 M35
三0 M36
三一 M37
三二 M38
三三 M39
三四 M40
三五 M41
三六 M42
三七 M43
三八 M45
三九 M46
四0 M48
四一 M49
四二 M50
四三 M51
四四 M52
四五 M53
四六 M54
四七 M55
四八 M56
四九 M57
五0 M58
五一 M59
五二 M60
五三 M62
五四 M63
五五 M66
五六 M67
五七 M68
五八 M69
五九 M71
六0 M72
六一 M73
六二 M74
六三 M75
六四 M76
六五 M81
六六 M83
六七 M86
六八 M87
六九 M89
七0 M95
七一 M96
七二 M97
七三 M98
七四 M99
七五 M101
七六 M103
七七 M104
七八 M107
七九 M108
八0 M109
八一 M113
八二 M115
八三 M116
八四 M117
八五 M118
八六 M121
八七 M122
八八 M123
八九 M124
九0 M125-
九一 M126
九二 M127
第三节 两汉时期砖室墓葬
一 M61
二 M64
三 M70
四 M78
五 M79
六 M80
七 M84
八 M85
九 M88
一0 M90
一一 M91
一二 M92
一三 M93
一四 M94
一五 M100
一六 M114
一七 M120
一八 M129
一九M130
二0 M131
第四节 北朝—隋代墓葬
一 M18
二 M19
三 M21
四 M22
五 M24
六 M26
第五节 宋代墓葬
一 M112
第六节 清代墓葬
一 M47
第七节 年代不明墓葬
一 M44
二 M110
三 M111
四 M119
第三章 初步研究
第一节 墓地综述
第二节 墓葬形制及出土器物组合
一 战国时期墓葬
二 西汉时期土坑墓葬
三 两汉时期砖室墓葬
四 北朝至隋代砖室墓葬
五 宋代墓葬
六 清代墓葬
第三节 出土器物
一 战国时期墓葬
二 两汉时期墓葬
三 北朝至隋代墓葬
四 宋代墓葬
五 清代墓葬
第四节 战国、汉代陶器装饰
第五节 西汉土坑墓葬中的异穴合葬
第六节 土坑墓葬向砖室墓葬的过渡
第七节 墓葬年代及墓主推测
一 战国时期墓葬
二 两汉时期墓葬
三 北朝至隋代墓葬
四 宋代墓葬
五 清代墓葬
第八节 结语
附表 高昌墓地出土器物登记表
后记
英文提要
无