功能陶瓷的显微结构、性能与制备技术
2009-8
冶金工业出版社
殷庆瑞，祝炳和，曾华荣 著
365
The functional ceramic materials （FCM） are potential for use in many electronicdevices such as optical waveguides, non-volatile dynamic random accessmemories, micromotors, microactuators, thin film capacitors, and pyroelectricinfrared detectors. FCM possesses unique properties like piezoelectricity,pyroelectricity, photoelectricity, photo-acoustic effect, photorefractive behavior,and non-linear optical activity that are closely depends closely on the commontheme of composition-preparation-structure-property relationships in the solid state,especially microstructures （grain, grain boundary and domain structures, etc.） andtheir dynamic response to mechanical, electrical and optical loads at nanometerscale. Thus it is very important to understand the physical phenomenologicalbehavior of ferroelectric structures and their dynamic evolution in nanoscalevolumes. This is the context that motivated the publication of this book. The aim of this book is to present recent advances in the fabrication process offunctional ceramic materials and their property study, particularly, in-depthobservation/analysis of microstructures using the custom-built scanning electronacoustic microscopy （SEAM）, acoustic and piezoresponse mode scanning probemicroscopy based on atomic force microscopy. Along with the generally acceptedconcepts and experimental results there are numerous applications of functionalceramics and devices in industry. We hope that this book will make the readersaware of tremendous developments in the field of microstructure characterizationand functional ceramic preparations.The first two chapters address fundamentals of microstructures in the functionalceramics. Chapter 1 presents the formation mechanism of microstructuresincluding grains, grain boundaries, pores, domain structures, and their correlationswith properties and processing for some typical ceramics like PLZT （leadlanthanum zirconate titanate） ceramics, PTC （positive temperature coefficient）ceramics, piezoelectric ceramics, ferroelectric ceramics, and so on. Chapter 2discusses grain boundary phenomena such as grain boundary segregation andmigration in the functional ceramics.
Microstructure, Property and Processing of Functional Ceramics describes the preparation, property and local structure microscopy of functional ceramics. It covers functional ceramic fabrication processing, grain boundary phenomena and micro-, nanoscale structures characterizations including scanning electron acoustic microscopy, scanning probe acoustic microscopy and piezoresponse force microscopy. This book is intended for advanced undergraduates, graduates and researchers in the field of materials science, microelectronics, optoelectronics and microscopy. Qingrui Yin and Binghe Zhu both are professors at the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dr. Huarong Zeng is an associate professor at the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Qingrui Yin and Binghe Zhu both are professors at the Shanghai Institute ofCeramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dr. Huarong Zeng is an associateprofessor at the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy ofSciences.
1 Microstructure and Properties of Functional Ceramics 1.1 General Description 1.2 Grain 1.2.1 Grain category 1.2.2 Grain properties 1.3 Grain Boundary Structures 1.3.1 Concepts of grain boundary structures 1.3.2 Properties of grain boundary structures 1.3.3 Nano grain boundary structures 1.4 Pore Phases 1.5 Domain Structure 1.6 Mechanical Properties of Ferroelectric Ceramics 1.6. 1 General 1.6.2 Electric domain and internal stress 1.6.3 PLZT ceramics and internal stress 1.6.4 PTC ceramics and internal stress 1.6.5 Aging 1.7 Capacitor Ceramics 1.7.1 Ordinary dielectric materials for capacitor 1.7.2 Relaxor ferroelectric materials 1.7.3 Microwave dielectric materials 1.8 Piezoelectric Ceramics 1.8.1 Microstructures of piezoelectric ceramics 1.8.2 Properties of piezoelectric ceramics 1.9 Transparent Ferroelectric Ceramics 1.9. 1 Microstructures of transparent ferroelectric ceramics 1.9.2 Experimental method and two phases of PLZT ceramics 1.9.3 Domain switching properties of PLZT ceramics 1.9.4 Grain boundaries in PLZT ceramics 1.9.5 Summary 1.10 Thermistor Materials 1.10.1 Microstructures and properties of PTC materials 1.10.2 NTC materials and segregation at grain boundaries 1.11 Varistor Materials 1.12 Ceramics for Humidity Sensitive Resistor 1.13 Magnetic Ceramics 1.14 Biologically Functional Ceramics 1.15 Functional Ceramic Films 1.16 Alumina Ceramics 1.17 Summary References2 Grain Boundary Phenomenaof Functional Ceramics 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Generalization of Grain Boundary 2.2.1 Grain boundary structure 2.2.2 Grain boundary properties 2.3 Grain Boundary Segregation 2.3.1 Generalization 2.3.2 Boundary layer capacitors 2.3.3 PTC materials 2.3.4 Magnetic ceramics 2.3.5 ZnO varistor materials 2.3.6 Other examples of segregation 2.4 Grain Boundary Region 2.4.1 General description about grain boundary region 2.4.2 Grain boundary region of BaTiO3 ceramics 2.4.3 Grain boundary region of PLZT ceramics 2.4.4 Grain boundary region and stress 2.4.5 "Core-shell" structure 2.5 Grain Boundary Migration 2.5.1 Generalization 2.5.2 Centripetal and acentric grain boundary migration 2.5.3 Liquid phase and abnormal grain growth during sintering 2.6 Relation between Grain Boundary and Properties 2.6. 1 Influence on mechanical properties 2.6.2 Influence on electric properties 2.7 Summary References3 Near-field Acoustic Microscopy of Functional Ceramics 3.1 Introduction ……4 Piezoresponse Force Microscoy of Functional Ceramics5 Fabrication Processes for Functional Ceramics6 Review and Prospect of Functional CeramicsIndexAppendix
插图：According to Petzow, all phase regions and flaws contained in structures wouldbe reflected in microstructures, which determine many properties of materials.According to Pask（1984）, microstructures should include sizes and distribution ofgrains and pores, phase composition and distribution, nature of grain boundaryand its defects and flaws, composition homogeneity as well as domain structures.Ceramics are materials derived from powdery raw materials through variousprocessing,and possess specific microstructures and properties. Thusmicrostructures comprehensively reflect previous processing, and bring specificproperties to materials. Microstructural analysis is also important for determiningphase diagrams, providing bases for property analysis, instructing modification onformulation, processing improvement, production rationalization, and failureanalysis. The following are several examples which further explain the importanceof microstructure analysis. Example 1: There was a newly built transformer substation in Shanghai. In avery hot summer the elevated temperature caused a dramatical rise of the oilpressure with a ceramic container, and gave a blast on it. Luckily, it happenedduring the trial run, otherwise it would probably have caused life threat and powershut down for a massive area. The microstructural analysis afterwards on thatceramic debris showed that the silica particle had sharp boundaries in thehigh-tension insulator ceramics, which provided evidences that silica particles didnot fully melt and react with feldspar and other glass flits during sintering whilethe boundaries of silica particle of normal insulating ceramics are corroded withglass phases. The microstructure demonstrated that the ceramic body had not beenfully sintered, thus it had low tensile strength and couldn't survival under high oilpressure.Example 2: At a PTC heater manufacturer in Cixi city of Zhejiang province,the ceramic pieces were not broken after voltage test, but cracked in a largeamount after packing and transportation, which caused a loss of hundreds ofthousands of ceramic pieces （0.65 Yuan/piece at that time）. In the analysis ofmicrostructure of PTC ceramics, abnormally grown grains of large sizes werefound. During the puncture testing, large grain would expand or contract alongaxis, which produced large residual stress and micro cracks. Thus the as sinteredceramic plates had normal strength, but became fragile and brittle after puncturetesting because of micro cracks. After discovering the cause of problem, someadditional additives were introduced to the composition to restrain the abnormalgrain growth, and the problem was solved （Zhu, Yao, Zhao, et al, 2001）.
《功能陶瓷的显微结构、性能与制备技术》由冶金工业出版社出版。
