会计学
1998-04
东北财经大学出版社
沃伦(美)
Contents
A Brief Look at Accounting-lts Past, Present,
and Future
Early Accounting
Double-Entry System
Industrial Revolution
Corporate Organization
Public Accounting
Income Tax
Government Influence
Accounting's Future
Do You Use Accounting
Partl
Basic Accounting Systems
1 Introduction to Accounting Concepts and
Practice
Accountlng as an Information System
Profession of Accounting
Private Accounting
Public Accounting
Professional Ethics for Accountants
Specialized Accounting Fields
Generally Accepted Accountlng Princlples
Business Entity Concept
The Cost Prindple
Business Transactions
Assets, Liabllities, and Owner's Equity
Transactlons and the Accounting Equatlon
Financial Statements
Income Statement
Statement of Owne 's Equity
Balance Sheet
Statement of Cash Flows
2 Analyzing Transactions
Usefulness of an Account
Characteristics of an Account
Analyzlng and Summarizlng Transactlons In Accounts
Balance Sheet Accounts
Income Statement Accounts
Withdrawals by the Owner
Normal Balances of Accounts
lllustratlon of Analyzlng and Summarlzlng Transactlons
Trial Balance
Dlscovery and Correctlon of Errors
Discovery of Errors
Correction of Errors
3 The Matching Concept and the Adjusting
Process
The Matchlng Concept
Nature of the Adjustlng Process
Recordlnc Adjustlng Entries
Deferred Expenses (Prepaid Expenses)
Deferred Revenue (Unearned Revenue)
Accrued Expenses (Accrued Liabilities)
Accrued Revenues (Accrued Assets)
Plant Assets
Work Sheet
Trial Balance Columns
Adjustments Columns
Adjusted Trial Balance Columns
Completing the Work Sheet
4 Completing the Accounting Cycle
WorkSheet
Income Statement and Balance Sheet Columns
Completing the Work Sheet
Flnancial Statements
Income Statement
Statement of Owner's Equity
Balance Sheet
Joumalizlng and Postlng Adjusting Entries
Nature of the Cloting Process
Joumalizing and Posting Closing Entries
Post-Closing Trial Balance
Flscal Year
Accountlng Cycle
Appendlx: Reverslng Entries
Practlce Set: Lany's Lawn Care
This set is available with transactions in nanative form. It pro-
vides practice in accounting for a sole proprietorship service
business.
Part2
Advanced Accounting Systems
5 Accounting Systems, Internal Control, and
Special Journals
Prlnclples of Accountlng Systems
Cost-Benefit Balance
Effective Reports
Ability to Adapt to Future Needs
Adequate Intemal Controls
Accounting Systems Installatlon and Revlsion
Systems Analysis
Systems Design
Systems Implementation
Internal Control
Objectives of Internal Control
Elements of Internal Control
Subsidlary Ledgers and Special Journals
Subsidiary Ledgers
Special Journals
Revenue Joumal
Cash Receipts Journal
Accounts Receivable Control and Subsidiary Ledger
Purchases Journal
Cash Payments Journal
Accounts Payable Control and Subsidiary Ledge
Adaptmg Accounting Systems
Additional Subsidiary Ledgers
Modified Special Journals
Computerized Accounting Systems
6 Accounting for Merchandising Businesses
Nature of Merchandising Businesses
Accountlng for Purchases
Purchases Discounts
Purchases Returns and Allowances
Accountlng for Sales
Sales Discounts
Sales Returns and Allowances
Sales Taxes
Trade Discounts
Transportatlon Costs
lllustratlon of Accountlng for Merchandise Transactlons
Chart of Account* for a Merchandlslng Business
Income Statement for a Merchandlslng Buslness
Multiple-Step Form
Single-Step Form
Tht Accountlng Cycle for a Merchandislng Buslness
Merchandise Inventory Shrinkage
Work Sheet
Statement of Owner's Equity
Balance Sheet
Closing Entries
Appendlx: Work Sheet and Adjusting and Closlng Entrle* for
Merchandlsing Buslness
Practice Set: Poolslde Products
This set is available with business documents. An optional
narrative of transactions may be used. The set provides prac-
tice in accounting for a merchandising sole proprietorship
that uses a perpetual inventory system and special journals
It mav also be solved using the Solutions Software.
Practice Sef: Cool Company
This is an interactive, computer-based set that gives immedi-
ate feedback as it is being solved. It provides practice in ac-
counting for a merchandising sole proprietorship service
business that uses a perpetual inventory system and a gen-
eral journal.
Part3
Assets and Liabilities
7Cash
Nature of Cash and Importance of Controls Over Cash
Internal Control of Cash Receipts
Cash Change Funds
Cash Short and Over
Internal Control of Cash Payments
Basic Features of the Voucher System
Purchases Discounts Lost
Petty Cash
Other Cash Funds
Bank Accounts: Thelr Nature and Use as a Control Over Cash
Business Bank Accounts
Bank Staterent
Bank Accounts as a Control Over Cash
Bank Reconciliatlon
Presentatlon of Cash on the Balance Sheet
Electronlc Funds Transfer
8Receivables and Temporary Investments
Classlflcaqtion Of Receivabies
Accounts Receivable
Notes Receivable
Other Receivables
Internal Control of Recelvable*
Uncollectlble Recelvables
Allowance Method of Accounllng for Uncollectlbles
Write-offs to the Allowance Account
Estimating Uncollectibles
Dlrect Write-off Method of Accounting for Uncollectlbles
Characterfstics of Notes Receivable
Due Date
Interest
Maturity Value
Accounting for Notes Receivable
Discounting Notes Receivable
Dishonored Notes Receivable
Temporary Investments
Temporary Investments and Receivables in the Balance Sheet
9 Inventories
Internal Control of Inventories
Detennining Actual Quantities in the Inventory
Procedures for Taking a Physical Inventory
Effect of Inventory Errors on Finandal Statements
Inventory Costing Methods Under a Perpetual Inventory System
First-in, First-out Method
Last-in, First-out Method
Average Cost Method
Computerized Perpetual Inventory Systems
Inventory Costing Methods Under 4 Periodic Inventory System
First-in, First-out Method
Last-in, First-out Method
Average Cost Method
Comparing Inventory Costing Methods
Use of the First-in, First-out Method
Use of the Last-in, First-out Method
Use of the Average Cost Method
Selection of an Inventory Costing Method
Valuation of Inventory at Other Than Cost
Valuation at Lower of Cost or Market
Valuation at Net Realizable Value
Presentation of Merchandise Inventory on the Balance Sheet
Estlmating Inventory Cost
Retail Method of Inventory Costing
Gross Profit Method of Estimating Inventories
10 Plant Assets and Intangible Assets
Nature of Plant Assets
Costs of Acquiring Plant Assets
Nature of Depreciation
Accounting for Depreciation
Straight-Line Method
Units-of-Production Method
Dedining-Balance Method
Comparing Depreciation Methods
Depredation for Federal Income Tax
Revision of Periodic Depreciation
Recording Depredation
Subsidiary Ledgers for Plant Assets
Depredation of Plant Assets of Low Unit Cost
Composite-Rate Method
Capltal and Revnue Expendltures
Capital Expenditures
Revenue Expenditures
Summary of Capital and Revenue Expenditures
Dlsposal of Plant Assets
Discarding Plant Assets
Sale of Plant Assets
Exchanges of Similar Plant Assets
Leaslng Plant Assets
Internal Control of Plant Assets
ntanglble Assets
Patents
Copyrights
Goodwill
Flnancial Reporting for Plant Assets and Intanglble Assets
Appendlx: Sum-of-the-Years-Digits Depreclation
11 Payroll, Notes Payable, and Other Current
Liabilitles
Payroll and Payroll Taxes
Liability for Employee Earnings
Deductions from Employee Earnings
Income Taxes
Computing Employee Net Pay
Liability for Employer's Payroll Taxes
Accounting Systems for Payroll and Payroll Taxes
Payroll Register
Employee's Earnings Record
Payroll Checks
Payroll System Diagram
Internal Controls for Payroll Systems
Employee's Fringe Benefits
Vacation Pay
Pensions
Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions
Short-Term Notes Payable
Product Warranty Liabilty
PracticeSetWaterworks
This set is available with business documents. An optional
narrative of transactions may be used. The set provides pra -
tice in accounting (induding payroll) for a merchandising
sole proprietorship that uses spedal joumals. It may also be
solved using the Solutions Software.
Part4
Accounting Principles
12 Concepts and Principles
Nature ol Concept* and Princlples
Development of Concepts and Prindples
Statements of Flnanclal Accountlng Conceptt
Buslnees Entlty Concept
Golng Concern Concept
Objectlvlty Concept
Unit of Measuremeirt Concept
Scope ofAccounting Reports
Changes in the Value of the Dollar
Accountlng Period Concept
Matchlng Concept
Revenue Recognition
Expense Recognition
Adequate Dlsclosure Concept
Accounting Methods Used
Changes in Accounting Estimates
Contingent Liabilities
Finandal Instruments
Segments of a Business
Events Subsequent to Date of Statements
Consistency Concept
Materiallty Concept
Conservatism Concept
Role of AudHlng of Financlal Statements
Part5
Partnerships
13 Partnership Formation, Income Division,
and Liquidation
Characteristics of Partnerships
Advantages and Disadvantages of Partnerships
Accounting for Partnerships
Formatlon of a Partnership
DMdlng Net Income or Net Loss
Income Division-Services of Partners
Income Division-Services of Partners and Investment
Income Division-Allowances Exceed Net Income
Reporting Changes in Partners' Equities
Partnership Dlssolution
Admission of a Partner
Withdrawal of a Partner
Death of a Partner
Llquidatlng Partnerships
Gain on Realization
Loss on Realization
Loss on Realization-Capital Defidency
Errors in Liquidation
Part6
Corporations
14 Corporations: Organization and Equity
Rights
Nature of a Corporatlon
Characteristics of Corporations
Forming a Corporation
Stockholders' Equity
Sources of Paid-in Capital
Stock
Other Sources of Paid-in Capital
Issulng Stock
Interpreting Stock Quotations
Premium on Stock
No-Par Stock
Treasury Stock Transactions
Reportlng Pald-in Capital
Stock Splits
Accountlng for Divldends
Cash Dividends
Stock Dividends
Liquidating Ditidends
Appropriatlons of Retalned Earnlngs
Reportlng Retalned Earnlngs
Reporting Retained Earnings in the Balance Sheet
Retained Eamings Statement
Combined Income and Retained Earnings Statement
Statement of Stockholden' Equity
15 Corporate Earnings, International Transac
tions, and Investments in Stocks
Corporate Income Taxes
Payment of Income Taxes
Allocation of Income Taxes
Unusual Items that Affect the Income Statement
Discontinued Operations
Extraordinary Items
Changes in Accounting Principies
Earnings Per Common Share
Foreign Currency Exchange Gains and Losses
Realized Currency Exchange Gains and Losses
Unrealized Currency Exchange Gains and Losses
Prior-Period Adjustments
Analyzing Investments in Stocks
Price-Earnings Ratio
Equity Per Share
Accounting for Long-Term Investments in Stocks
Cost Method
Equity Method
Sale of Long-Term investments in Stocks
Business Combmations
Mergers and Consolidations
Parent and Subsidiary Corporations
Consolidated Financial Statements
Practice Set: Flrst Designs Inc.
This set is available with transactions in narrative form. It
provides practice in accounting for a merchandising corpora-
tion that operates a departmentalized business and uses a
periodic inventory system and spedal journals. It may also
be solved using the Solutions Software.
16 Bonds Payable and Investments in Bonds
Financlng Corporatlons
Characteristlcs of Bonds Payable
The Present-Value Concept and Bonds Payable
Present Value of the Face Amount of Bonds
Present Value of the Periodic Bond Interest Payments
Accountlng for Bonds Payable
Bonds Issued at Face Amount
Bonds Issued at a Discount
Amortization of a Bond Discount
Bonds Issued at a Premium
Amortization of a Bond Premium
Zero-Coupon Bonds
Bond Slnklng Funds
Bond Redemptlon
Investments In Bonds
Accounting for Bond Investments-Purchase, Interest, and
Amortization 583
Accounting for Bond Investments-Sale
Corporatlon Balance Sheet
Balance Sheet Presentation of Bonds Payable
Balance Sheet Presentation of Bond Investments
Appendlx-Effectlve Interest Rate Method of Amortlzallon
Amortization of Discount by the Interest Method
Amortization of Premium by the Interest Method
Practice Set: Compsoft Inc.
This set is available with transactions in narrative form. It
provides practice in accounting (including corporate debt)
for a merchandising corporation that uses a genera! journal
It may also be solved using the Solutions Software.
Practlce Set: SEMO Sporting Goods Supply Inc.
This set requires locating errors in recording and posting
transactions, preparing correcting entries, and preparing fi-
nancial statements for a wholesaling corporation.
17 Statement of Cash Flows
Purpose of the Statement of Cash Flows
Reportlng Cash Flows
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Illustrations of the Statement of Cash Flows
Noncash Investing and Financing Activities
Cash Flow Per Share
Statement of Cash Flows-The Indlrect Method
Retained Eamings
Common Stock
Preferred Stock
Bonds Payable
Equipment
Building
Land
Long-Term Investments
Preparing the Statement of Cash Flows
Statement of Cash Flows-The Dlrect Method
Cash Received from Customers
Cash Payments for Merchandise
Cash Payments for Operating Expenses
Gain on Sale of Investments
Interest Expense
Cash Payments for Income Taxes
Reporting Cash Flows from Operating Activities-Direct
Method
Appendlx: Work Sheet for Statement of Cash Flows
Work Sheet-Indirect Method
Work Sheet-Direct Method
PractlceSetlcelnc.
This is an interactive, computer-based set that gives immedi-
ate feedback as it is being solved. It provides practice in ac-
counting for a merchandising corporation that uses a perpet-
ual inventory system and a general journal.
Part7
Managerial Accounting Principles
and Systems
18 Managerial Accounting Concepts and
Principles
The Differences Between Managerial and Financial Accountlng
The Role of the Management Accountant
Where Does the Management Accountant Fit in an Organiza-
tion?
Ethical Role of Management Accountants
Managerlal Accountlng In the Management Process
Planning
Directing
Controlling
Improving
Dedsion Making
A Tour of Manufacturing Operatlons: Costs and Tennlnology
Direct and Indirect Costs
Manufacturing Costs
Product Costs and Period Costs
Financlal Statements for Manufacturing Businesses
Trends In Buslness
Just-in-Time Manufacturing
Total Quality Management
Computer-Integrated Manufacturing
Globalization of Business
Service Industry Awareness
Practice Set: Highpoint Solar Inc.
This set is available with transactions in narrative form. It
provides practice in accounting for a manufacturing corpora-
tion that uses a job order cost system. It may also be solved
using the Solutions Software.
19 Job Order Cost Systems
Usefulness of Product Costs
Cost Accountlng System Overvlew
Job Order Cost Systems for Manufacturing Buslnesses
Cost Flow Overview-Job Order Cost System
Materials
Factory Labor
Factory Overhead
Work in Process
Finished Goods and Cost of Goods Sold
Sales
Summary of Cost Flows for Goodwell Printers
Job Ordler Costlng for Declslon Maklng
Job Order Cost Systems for Servlce Buslnesses
Appendlx: Actlvlty-Based Costlng
20 Process Cost System
Comparing Job Order Costlng and Process Cottlng
Physlcal Flows and Cost Flows for a Process Manufacturer
The First.in, First-out (Flfo) Method
Step 1: Determine the Units to Be Assigned Costs
Step 2: Calculate Equivalent Units of Production
Step 3: Determine the Cost Per Equivalent Unit
Step 4: Allocate Costs to Transferred and Partially Com-
pleted Units
Bringing It All Together: The Cost of Production Report
Journal Entries for a Process Cost System
Uslng the Cost of Production Report for Decislon Maklng
Just-in-Time Processlng
Part8
Planning and Control
21 Cost Behavior and Cost-Volume-Profit Analy-
sis
Cost Behavior
Variable Costs
Fixed Costs
Mixed Costs
Summary of Cost Behavior Concepts '.
Reporting Variable and Fixed Costs
Cost-Volume-Proflt Relationshlps
Contribution Margin Concept
Mathematlcal Approach to Cost-Volume-Profit Analysls
Break-Even Point
Target Profit
Graphlc Approach to Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
Cost-Volume-Proflt (Break-Even) Chart
Profit-Volume Chart
Use of Computers In Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
Sales Mlx Consideratlons
Special Cost-Volume-Profit Relatlonshlps
Margfn of Safety
Operatlng Leverage
Assumptions of Cost-Volune-Proflt Analysls
Appendlx: Variable Costlng
22 Budgeting
Nature and Objectives of Budgeting
Objectives of Budgeting
Human Behavior and Budgeting
Budgetlng Systems
StaticBudget
Flexible Budget
Computerized Budgeting Systems .
Master Budget
Income Statement Budgets
Sales Budget
Production Budget
Direct Materials Purchases Budget
Direct Labor Cost Budget
Factory Overhead Costs Budget
Costs of Goods Sold Budget
Operating Expenses Budget
Budgeted Income Statement
Balance Sheet Budgets
Cash Budget
Capital Expenditures Budget
Budgeted Balance Sheet
23 Performance Evaluation Using Variances
from Standard Costs
Standards
Setting Standards
Types of Standards
Reviewing and Revising Standards
Support and Criticism of Standards
Flexlble Budgetlng and Control
Dlrect Materlals Varlances
Direct Materials Price Variance
Direct Materials Quantity Variance
Direct Materials Variance Relationships
Reporting Direct Materials Variances
Dlrect Labor Varlances
Direct Labor Rate Variance
Direct Labor Time Variance
Direct Labor Variance Relationships
Reporting Direct Labor Variances
Factory Overhead Variances
The Factory Overhead Flexible Budget
Variable Factory Overhead Controllable Variance
Fixed Factory Overhead Volume Variance
Reporting Factory Overhead Variances
Recordlng and Reportlng Varlances from Standards
Standards for Nonmanufacturlng Expentes
Nonfinanclal Performance Measures
24 Performance Evaluation for Decentralized
Operations
Centrallzed and Decentrallzed Operatlons
Advantages of Decentralization
Disadvantages of Decentralization
Responsibility Accounting
Responslbllity Accountlng for Cost Cenier*
Reiponslblllty Accountlng for Proflt Centers
Operating Income
Service Department Charges
Controllable Operating Income
Responslbllity Accounting for Investment Centers
Rate of Return on Investment
Residual Income
Nonfinancial Divisional Performance Measurement
Transfer Priclng
Market Price Approach
Negotiated Price Approach
Cost Price Approach
Part9
Decision Making
25 Differential Analysis and Product Pricing
Differentlal Analysls
Lease or Sell
Discontinue a Segment or Product
Make or Buy
Replace Equipment
Process or Sell
Accept Business at a Spedal Price
Setting Normal Product Selling Prices
Total Cost Concept
Product Cost Concept
Variable Cost Concept
Choosing a Cost-Plus Approach Cost Concept
Activity-Based Costing
Product Profltablllty and Pricing Under Production
Bottlenecks
Product Profitability Under Production Bottlenecks
Product Pricing Under Production Bottlenecks
26 Capital Investment Analysis
Nature of Capttal Investmeni Analysis
Methods of Evaluating Capltal Investment Proposals
Methods that Ignore Present Value
Present Value Methods
Qualltative Considerations in Capital Investment Analysis
Factors That Complicate Capital Investment Analysis
Income Tax
Unequal Proposal Lives
Lease Versus Capital Investment
Uncertainty
Changes in Price Levels
Capital Rationing
Appendix A: Interest Tables
Appendix B: Codes of Ethics
Appendix C: Alternative Methods of Recording
Deferrals
Appendix D: Periodic Inventory Systems for
Merchandising Businesses
Appendix E: Periodic Inventory Systems for
Manufacturing Businesses
Appendix F: Annual Reports and Financial
Statement Analysis
Glossary
Index
Check Figures
