中国政府白皮书
2012-1
外文出版社
中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
600
The People's Republic of China is a united multi-ethnic country. So far， 56 ethnic groups have been identified and recognized by the central govern-ment. The population of various ethnic groups differs greatly. While the Han ethnic group has the largest population， that of the other 55 ethnic groups is relatively small， so they are customarily referred to as "ethnic minorities." Ac-cording to the fifth national census， conducted in 2000， the population of all the 55 ethnic minority groups totaled 104.49 million， accounting for 8.41 per-cent of the total population of China. People of all ethnic groups in China have made important contributions to the creation of a unified multi-ethnic country and the creation of the time-honored Chinese civilization， as well as Chinese historical progress.
Regional Autonomy for Ethnic Minorities in China （February 2005）China's Progress in Human Rights in 2004 （April 2005）New Progress in China's Protection oflntellectual Property Rights （April 2005）Gender Equality and Women's Development in China （August 2005）China's Endeavors for Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation （September 2005）Building of Political Democracy in China （October 2005）China's Peaceful Development Road （December 2005）Environmental Protection in China （1996-2005） （June 2006）China's Space Activities in 2006 （October 2006）The Development of China's Undertakings for the Aged （December 2006）China's National Defense in 2006 （December 2006）The Quality and Safety of Food in China （August 2007）China's Political Party System （November 2007）China's Energy Conditions and Policies （December 2007）China's Efforts and Achievements in Promoting the Rule of Law （February 2008）Status Quo of Drug Supervision in China （July 2008）Protection and Development of Tibetan Culture （September 2008）China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change （October 2008）
For a long time China has relied largely on domestic energy resources to develop its economy， and the rate of self-sufficiency has been above 90 percent， much higher than that in most developed countries. China is now the second big-gest energy producer in the world， and has a relatively strong foundation for the energy production and supply. In the course of building a moderately prosperous society， China will rely mainly on domestic energy resources， give priority to opti-mizing its energy mix， and work hard to increase its energy supply capacity. China boasts great potential in energy resources exploitation. Coal re-sources already verified only account for 13 percent of the total deposits， and recoverable reserves account for 40 percent of the discovered resources. Only 20 percent of the country's hydropower resources have been utilized so far. Verified oil reserves are 33 percent of the total deposits， and China has begun to enter the middle phase of oil prospecting， still seeing a big potential. Proven re-serves of natural gas account for 14 percent， showing that China is in the early stage of exploration and indicating bright prospects in this sphere. Regarding non-conventional energy， China is still at the early stage of exploitation and uti-lization， with a great potential for development. As for renewable energy， China has only just started in its exploitation and utilization， so there is immense room for development in this regard. Good prospects are also seen for conserv-ing， making comprehensive use of and recycling resources. To increase its energy supply capacity， China will take the following measures： - Developing the coal industry in an orderly way. Coal is a basic energy in China， and it is an urgent need to increase the supply capacity， optimize the energy mix， ensure coal mining safety， reduce environmental pollution， in-crease resource utilization efficiency and build a new coal industry system， so as to guarantee the development of the national economy. China will step up its efforts in prospecting coal resources， render support to large coal mining bases in conducting resource surveys and detailed geological surveys， set standards for commercial prospecting， improve the level of guarantee for coal resources， and steadily push forward the building of large coal mining bases. By merger and reorganization of enterprises， the country will bring into being some large coal mining conglomerates each with a total annual production capability of100 million tons. It will continue to push forward the development and integra-tion of coal resources by renovating medium- and small-sized coal mines and closing down，in accordance with the law， small ones not conforming to indus-trial policies， with poor safety conditions， wasting resources and harming the environment， so as to further optimize the structure of the coal industry. It will promote the coordinated development of related industries， and encourage coal-electricity joint operation or coal electricity-transport integrated management， so as to extend the coal industry chain. It will further mechanize coalmines and enhance overall mechanization in coal mining， promote the clean production and utilization of coal， encourage R&D and spreading of clean coal technolo-gies， and quicken the research into and demonstration of substitute liquid fuels. China will actively develop a circular economy， step up efforts in environ-mental protection， promote the comprehensive utilization of resources， and ac-celerate the industrialized development of coal-bed gas. It will strengthen the building of the coal transport system and steadily increase the coal transport capacity. It will establish a responsibility system for safe production， beef safety installations and put more money into gas prevention and control， so as to improve the level of safe production. ……
