西方哲学史
2006-7
北京大学出版社
Samuel Enoch Stumpf,James Fieser
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哲学史在很多方而就像史诗式的小说。可敬的先哲们为增慧后学，经过痛苦的思想砥砺，缔造了哲学传统。 在这巨大的哲学家族总会有一些“不安分子”(black—sheep)频生事端、搅动倪墙，甚至触怒当政者。哲学流派之间也经常针锋相时、势同水火，但却从未真正分出胜负。这些对峙随着传奇一起代际相传，表现为一种发展的进程。旧论弃如敝屣，新凋登堂入室，尽管有时候只是风行一时而已。 因此，正像一个大哲所说的，哲学史是观念的历险。这本书就是试图勾勒出这出大戏的线索。
塞缪尔?E.斯塔姆 毕业于芝加哥大学，获博士学位。哈佛大学福特基金和牛津大学洛克菲勒资助学者。曾担任梵德贝特大学哲学系系主任十五年之久，后一直在该大学教授法哲学和医疗哲学。斯塔姆教授在哲学领域涉猎广泛，也是哲学界活跃的组织者。斯塔姆教授于1998年去世。
Preface 1Part OneANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHYChaper I Socrates Predecessors 5What Is Permanent in Existence? 7Thales 7Anaximander 8Anaximenes 10The Mathematical Basis of All Things 11Pythagoras 11Attempts to Explain Change 15Heraclitus 15Parmenides 18Zeno 19Empedocles 22Anaxagoras 24The Atomists 25Atoms and the Void 26Theory of Knowledge and Ethics 28Chapter 2 The Sophists and Socrates 29The Sophists 31Protagoras 32Gorgias 33Thrasymachus 34Socrates 34Socrates Life 35Socrates as a Philosopher 37Socrates Theory of Knowledge： Intellectual Midwifery 39Socrates Moral Thought 42Socrates Trial and Death 43Chapter 3 Plato 46Platos Life 46Theory of Knowledge 49The Cave 49The Divided Line 51Theory of Forms 55Moral Philosophy 59The Concept of the Soul 59The Cause of Evil： Ignorance or Forgetfulness 61Recovering Lost Morality 62Virtue as Fulfillment of Function 63Political Philosophy 64The State as a Giant Person 65The Philosopher-King 66The Virtues in the State 67The Decline of the Ideal State 69View of the Cosmos 71Chapter 4 Aristotle 75Aristotles Life 75Logic 78The Categories and the Starting Point of Reasoning 78The Syllogism 79Metaphysics 81The Problem of Metaphysics Defined 81Substance as the Primary Essence of Things 82Matter and Form 83The Process of Change： The Four Causes 84Potentiality and Actuality 85The Unmoved Mover 86The Place of Humans： Physics， Biology， and Psychology 87Physics 87Biology 88Psychology 88Ethics 90Types of "Ends" 90The Function of Human Beings 91Happiness as the End 92Virtue as the Golden Mean 93Deliberation and Choice 94Contemplation 94Politics 95Types of States 96Differences and Inequalities 96Good Government and Revolution 97Philosophy of Art 98Part TwoHELLENISTIC AND MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHYChapter 5 Classical Philosophy after Aristotle 103Epicureanism 104Physics and Ethics 105God and Death 106The Pleasure Principle 106Individual Pleasure versus Social Duty 108Stoicism 108Wisdom and Control versus Pleasure 108Stoic Theory of Knowledge 110Matter as the Basis of All Reality 111Good in Everything 111Fate and Providence 112Human Nature 112Ethics and the Human Drama 112The Problem of Freedom 113Cosmopolitanism and Justice 114Skepticism 114The Senses Are Deceptive 117More Rules Raise Doubts 117Morality Possible without Intellectual Certainty 118Plotinus 119God as the One 120The Metaphor of Emanation 121Salvation 124Chapter 6 Augustine 125Augustines Life 125Human Knowledge 128Overcoming Skepticism 128Knowledge and Sensation 128The Theory of Illumination 131God 132The Created World 134Creation from Nothing 134The Seminal Principles 135Moral Philosophy 135The Role of Love 136Free Will as the Cause of Evil 138Justice 139The History and the Two Cities 140History 140Chapter 7 Philosophy in the Early Middle Ages 142Boethius 142The Consolation of Philosophy 144The Problem of Universals 144Pseudo-Dionysius 146John Scotus Erigena 148The Division of Nature 148New Solutions to the Problem of Universals 150Odo and Guillaume： Exaggerated Realism 150Roscellinus： Nominalism 151Abelard： Conceptualism or Moderate Realism 152Anselm s Ontological Argument 153Anselms Realism 153Ontological Argument 155Gaunilons Rebuttal 156Anselms Reply to Gaunilon 156Faith and Reason in Muslim and Jewish Thought 156Avicenna 157Averro6s 159Moses Maimonides 160Chapter 8 Aquinas and his Late Medieval Successors 163Aquinass Life 164Bonaventura and the University of Paris 166Philosophy and Theology 167Faith and Reason 168Proofs of Gods Existence 169Proofs from Motion， Efficient Cause， and Necessary Being 169Proofs from Perfection and Order 170Assessment of the Proofs 171Knowledge of Gods Nature 171The Negative Way (Via Negativa) 172Knowledge by Analogy 172Creation 173Is the Created Order Eternal? 173Creation out of Nothing 174Is This the Best Possible World? 174Evil as Privation 174The Range of Created Being： The Chain of Being 175Morality and Natural Law 176Natural Law 177The State 180Human Nature and Knowledge 182Human Nature 182Knowledge 182Scotus， Ockham， and Eckhart 183Voluntarism 183Nominalism 184Mysticism 186Part ThreeEARLY MODERN PHILOSOPHYChapter 9 Philosophy during the Renaissance 191The Closing of the Middle Ages 191Humanism and the Italian Renaissance 193Pico 193Machiavelli 194The Reformation 196Luther 196Erasmus 198Skepticism and Faith 200Montaigne 200Pascal 203The Scientific Revolution 204New Discoveries and New Methods 205Modem Atomism 206Francis Bacon 208Distempers of Learning 209Idols of the Mind 210Inductive Method 211Thomas Hobbes 212Influence of Geometry upon Hobbess Thought 212Bodies in Motion： The Object of Thought 213Mechanical View of Human Thought 215Political Philosophy and Morality 216The State of Nature 217Obligation in the State of Nature 218The Social Contract 219Civil Law versus Natural Law 220Chapter 10 Rationalism on the Continent 222Descartes 223Life 223Descartes Method 226Methodic Doubt 229The Existence of God and External Things 230Mind and Body 232Spinoza 234Method 234God： Substance and Attribute 236The World as Modes of Gods Attributes 237Knowledge， Mind， and Body 238Ethics 240Leibniz 241Substance 242Gods Existence 244Knowledge and Nature 246Chapter 11 Empiricism in Britain 250Locke 251Lockes Theory of Knowledge 252Lockes Moral and Political Theory 257Berkeley 260Hume 267Humes Theory of Knowledge 268What Exists External to Us? 271Ethics 273Part FourLATE MODERN AND 19TM CENTURY PHILOSOPHYChapter 12 Kant 281The Shaping of Kants Problem 282Kants Critical Philosophy and His Copernican Revolution 284The Way of Critical Philosophy 284The Nature of a priori Knowledge 285The Synthetic A Priori 286Kants Copernican Revolution 288The Structure of Rational Thought 289The Categories of Thought and the Forms of Intuition 289The Self and the Unity of Experience 290Phenomenal and Noumenal Reality 291Transcendental Ideas of Pure Reason as Regulative Concepts 291The Antinomies and the Limits of Reason 292Proofs of Gods Existence 294Practical Reason 295The Basis of Moral Knowledge 296Morality and Rationality 297"Good" Defined as the Good Will 297The Categorical Imperative 298The Moral Postulates 300Aesthetics： The Beautiful 301The Beautiful as Independent Pleasant Satisfaction 302The Beautiful as an Object of Universal Delight 303Finality versus Purpose in the Beautiful Object 303Necessity， Common Sense， and the Beautiful 304Chapter13 German Idealism 306Kants Impact on German Thought 306Hegel 308Life 308Absolute Mind 310The Nature of Reality 311Ethics and Politics 316Absolute Spirit 320Schopenhauer 321Schopenhauers Life 321The Principle of Sufficient Reason 324The World as Will and Idea 326The Grotmd of Pessimism 328Is There Any Escape from the "Will"? 330Chapter 14 Utilitarianism and Positivism 332Bentham 332Benthams Life 334The Principle of Utility 335Law and Punishment 337Benthams Radicalism 339John Stuart Mill 340Mills Version of Utilitarianism 342Liberty 346Comte 347Comtes Life and Times 347Positivism Defined 350The Law of the Three Stages 351Comtes Sociology and "Religion of Humanity" 352Chapter 15 Kierkegaard， Marx， and Nietzsche 356Kierkegaard 357Human Existence 358Truth as Subjectivity 359The Aesthetic Stage 360The Ethical Stage 361The Religious Stage 362Marx 363Marxs Life and Influences 364The Epochs of History： Marxs Dialectic 367The Substructure： The Material Order 371The Alienation of Labor 374The Superstructure： The Origin and Role of Ideas 376Nietzsche 378Nietzsches Life 378"God is Dead" 380The Apolonian versus Dionysian 381Master Morality versus Slave Morality 383The Will to Power 385Revaluation of All Morals 386The Superperson 387Part Five20TH CENTURY AND CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHYChapter 16 Pragmatism and Process Philosophy 393Pragmatism 393Peirce 394A Theory of Meaning 395The Role of Belief 395The Elements of Method 396James 397Pragmatism as a Method 398The Pragmatic Theory of Truth 398Free Will 400The Will to Believe 401Dewey 403The Spectator versus Experience 403Habit， Intelligence， and Learning 405Value in a World of Fact 406Process Philosophy 407Bergson 408Going Around versus Entering Into 409The Scientific Way of Analysis 411The Metaphysical Way of Intuition 412The Process of Duration 413Evolution and the Vital Impulse 414Morality and Religion 415Whitehead 416The Error of Simple Location 417Self-Consciousness 418Prehension 419Eternal Objects 420Chapter 17 Analytic Philosophy 422Bertrand Russell 423Logical Atomism 424Problems with Logical Atomism 426Logical Positivism 426The Principle of Verification 427Rudolph Carnap 428Problems with Logical Positivism 432Quines Critique of Empiricism 433Ludwig Wittgenstein 434Wittgensteins Road to Philosophy 434The New Wittgenstein 437Language Games and Following Rules 438Clarifying Metaphysical Language 439John Austin 440The Notion of "Excuses" 441The Benefits of Ordinary Language 442Chapter 18 Phenomenology and Existentialism 445Edmund Husserl 445Hussefls Life and Influence 445The Crisis of European Science 447Descartes and Intentionality 449Phenomena and Phenomenological Bracketting 451The Life-World 452Martin Heidegger 453Heideggers Life 453Dasein as Being-in-the-World 454Dasein as Concern 455Religious Existentialism 456Karl Jaspers 456Gabriel Marcel 458Jean-Paul Sartre 459Sartres Life 459Existence Precedes Essence 462Freedom and Responsibility 464Nothingness and Bad Faith 465Human Consciousness 466Marxism and Freedom Revisited 468Maurice Merleau-Ponty 469Merleau-Pontys Life 469The Primacy of Perception 471The Relativity of Knowledge 472Perception and Politics 473Chapter19 Recent Philosophy 475The Mind-Body Problem 476Ryle and the Gl~ost in the Machine 476Identity Theory and Functionalism 480Searle and the Chinese Room Argument 481Rorty 483Influence of Pragmatism 485The Contingency of Language 486The Contingency of Selfhood 487The Contingency of Community 489Virtue Theory Revisited 490Elizabeth Anscombe 490Nel Noddings 492Continental Philosophy 494Structuralism 494Post-Structuralism 496Postmodemism 497Glossary G-1A Selected Bibliography B-1Index I-1
《西方哲学史：从苏格拉底到萨特及其后》哲学史在很多方而就像史诗式的小说。可敬的先哲们为增慧后学，经过痛苦的思想砥砺，缔造了哲学传统。
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