遥感及模式在森林火灾中的应用
2013-1
清华大学出版社
Scientistsandmanagersalikeneedtimely,cost-effective,andtechnicallyappropriatefire-relatedinformationtodevelopfunctionalstrategiesforthediversefirecommunities.RemoteSensingandModelingApplicationstoWildlandFiresaddresseswildtandfiremanagementneedsbypresentingdiscussionsthatlinkecologyandthephysicalsciencesfromlocaltoregionallevels,viewsonintegrateddecisionsupportdataforpolicyanddecisionmakers,newtechnologiesandtechniques,andfuturechallengesandhowremotesensingmighthelptoaddressthem.Whilecreatingawarenessofwildlandfiremanagementandrehabilitationissues,hands-onexperienceinapplyingremotesensingandsimulationmodelingisalsoshared.Thisbookwillbeausefulreferenceworkforresearchers,practitionersandgraduatestudentsinthefieldsoffirescience,remotesensingandmodelingapplications.
作者:(美)曲、萨默斯、杨瑞新
1 introduction to remote sensing and modeling applications to wildland fires references 2 wildland fire and eastern states diversity 2.1 introduction 2.2 the eastern united states 2.3 eastern united states diversity 2.4 a fire information strategy for the eastern states references demographic trends in the eastern us and the wildland urban interface: implications for fire management 3.1 introduction 3.2 demographics 3.3 the wildland urban interface 3.3.1 georgia case study 3.4 implications for managers 3.5 conclusion acknowledgements references .4 an overview of noaa's fire weather, climate, and air qualityforecast services 4.1 nws fire weather 4.2 products and services 4.3 making optimal use of nws technology 4.3.1 digital services 4.4 nws climate services 4.4.1 product improvements 4.5 national air quality forecasting 4.5.1 planned capabilities 4.6 summary references 5 a review of wildland fire and air quality management 5.1 introduction 5.1.1 smoke contributes to air pollution 5.2 regulatory considerations relating to smoke 5.2.1 regional haze rule 5.2.2 national ambient air quality standards for pm 5.2.3 managing smoke from wildfire 5.3 a review of the taset report--tools available to manage smoke 5.4 smoke management--programs and systems 5.4.1 plan 5.4.2 do (implement) 5.4.3 check (evaluate) 5.4.4 act (improve) 5.5 summary acknowledgements references 6 high-resolution numerical models for smoke transport in plumes from wildland fires 6.1 introduction 6.2 numerical model 6.3 dynamical properties of simulated plumes 6.3.1 mean plume trajectories 6.3.2 mean plume structure 6.3.3 turbulent kinetic energy (tke) 6.4 summary and conclusions acknowledgements references 7 interaction between a wildfire and the sea-breeze front 7.1 introduction 7.1.1 sea-breeze structure and characteristics 7.1.2 radar observations of smoke plumes and the sea-breeze 7.1.3 effect of sea-breezes on fires 7.1.4 east fork fire 7.2 data and methodology 7.2.1 case study 7.2.2 idealized numerical simulations 7.3 case study analysis 7.4 numerical simulations 7.5 summary and conclusions acknowledgments references 8 prescribed fire and air quality in the american south: a review of conflicting interests and a technique for incorporating the land manager into regional air quality modeling 8.1 introduction 8.2 conflicts over the airshed of the american south 8.3 daysmoke 8.4 shrmc-4s 8.5 application 8.5.1 burn 8.5.2 daysmoke simulation 8.5.3 cmaq simulation 8.6 summary and discussion acknowledgements references 9 estimates of wildland fire emissions 9.1 introduction 9.2 fire emission calculation 9.2.1 measurements 9.2.2 empirical relations 9.2.3 modeling 9.2.4 remote sensing 9.3 u.s. fire emissions 9.3.1 parameter specifications 9.3.2 spatial distribution 9.3.3 seasonal distribution 9.4 uncertainties 9.5 summary and perspective acknowledgements references 10 integrating remote sensing and surface weather data to monitor vegetation phenology 10.1 introduction 10.2 methods 10.2.1 system introduction 10.2.2 surface weather-based phenology monitoring system 10.3 satellite-derived vegetation index data 10.3.1 avhrr normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi) 10.3.2 point retrieval interface 10.3.3 phenmon: the phenology monitoring system 10.4 results and discussion 10.4.1 surface observations gridding system 10.4.2 growing season index 10.4.3 avhrr ndvi data 10.4.4 general discussion acknowledgements references 11 creating a crosswalk of vegetation types and fire fuel models for the national park service 11.1 introduction 11.2 digital orthophoto mosaics 11.3 formation-level vegetation databases 11.4 fire fuel mapping 11.5 discussion appendix a appendix b appendix c references 12 diurnal and seasonal cycles of land fires from trmm observations 12.1 introduction 12.2 tsdis fire algorithms 12.3 tsdis fire products 12.4 seasonal and interannual variability 12.5 diurnal and seasonal cycles 12.5.1 diurnal cycle of trmm observation 12.5.2 seasonal variation 12.6 summary references 13 fire research in the new jersey pine barrens 13.1 introduction 13.2 regional fire weather and climate modeling 13.3 fuel mapping, forest biomass and forest dynamics 13.4 air quality 13.5 conclusions references 14 dead fuel loads in north carolina's piedmont and coastal plain and a small scale assessment of nfdrs fuel models 14.1 introduction 14.2 materials and measures 14.2.1 site descriptions 14.2.2 methods 14.3 results 14.3.1 dead fine and coarse woody fuel load 14.3.2 total dead (woody, litter and duff) fuel load 14.3.3 comparison between measured and nfdrs dead fuel load estimates 14.4 discussion and conclusions 14.4.1 woody fuel load variability 14.4.2 dead fuel load variability 14.4.3 comparison between measured and nfdrs dead fuel load estimates references 15 numerical simulations of grassland fire behavior from the lanl-firetec and nist-wfds models 15.1 introduction 15.2 overview of the firetec and wfds numerical models 15.3 overview of grassland fire experiments 15.4 approach and results 15.4.1 head fire spread rate dependence on wind speed in au grassland fuel (wfds only) 15.4.2 head fire spread rate dependence on the head fire width in au grassland fuel (wfds only) 15.4.3 case studies--fire perimeter in au grassland fuel (wfds only) 15.4.4 simulation of tall grass (firetec and wfds) 15.5 conclusions acknowledgements references 16 physics-based modeling of wildland-urban interface fires 16.1 introduction 16.2 wui fuels 16.3 fire model 16.4 conclusions references 17 climate change and fire impacts on ecosystem critical nitrogen load 17.1 introduction 17.2 climate change impacts on critical loads 17.2.1 drought 17.2.2 climate change shifts in water availability 17.2.3 increased air temperature 17.3 fire impacts on critical pollutant loads 17.3.1 wildfire impacts on critical loads 17.3.2 controlled burn impacts on critical loads 17.4 combined impacts on critical pollutant loads 17.5 conclusions and future research references 18 simulating fire spread with landscape level edge fuel scenarios 18.1 introduction 18.2 methods 18.2.1 study area 18.2.2 model inputs 18.2.3 simulations 18.3 results 18.4 discussion acknowledgements references 19 the need for data integration to achieve forest sustainability: modeling and assessing the impacts of wildland fire on eastern landscapes 19.1 introduction 19.2 the montreal process 19.3 sustainable forest management (sfm) 19.4 northeastern forests--an example of changing conditions 19.5 modeling landscape conditions to address sustainable forest management 19.6 conclusions references 20 automated wildfire detection through artificial neural networks. 20.1 introduction 20.2 data archiving 20.3 preliminary analysis 20.4 data reduction 20.5 neural network architecture 20.6 training and testing 20.7 classification and analysis 20.8 conclusions acknowledgements references 21 altered disturbance regimes: the demise of fire in the eastern united states 21.1 introduction 21.2 methods 21.3 results and discussion acknowledgements appendix a the eastern oak story references 22 fire spread regulated by weather, landscape structure, and management in wisconsin oak-dominated forests and new jersey pinelands 22.1 introduction 22.2 methods and materials 22.2.1 study areas 22.2.2 study design 22.2.3 model linkage and applications 22.3 results 22.4 discussion 22.5 conclusions acknowledgements references 23 the gofc-gold fire mapping and monitoring theme: assessment and strategic plans 23.1 introduction 23.2 gofc-gold fire goals and current implementation status 23.2.1 to increase user awareness by providing an improved understanding of the utility of satellite fire products for resource management and policy within the united nations and at regional, national and local levels 23.2.2 to encourage the development and testing of standard methods for fire danger rating suited to different ecosystems and to enhance current fire early warning systems 23.2.3 to develop an operational global geostationary fire network providing observationsof active fires in near real time 23.2.4 to establish operational polar orbiters with fire monitoring capability to provide operational moderate resolution long-term global fire products and enhanced regional products from distributed ground 23.2.5 to develop long-term fire data records by combining data from multiple satellite sources 23.2.6 to establish operational polar orbiters with fire monitoring capability to provide operational high resolution data acquisition allowing fire monitoring and post-fire assessments 23.2.7 to enhance fire product use and access by developing operational multi-source fire and gis data and making these available over the intemet 23.2.8 to establish an operational network of fire validation sites and protocols, providing accuracy assessment for operational products and a testbed for new or enhanced products, leading to standard products of known accuracy 23.2.9 to operationally generate fire emission product suites of known accuracy providing annual and near real-time emission estimates with available input data sets 23.3 example contributory activities from us agencies 23.3.1 nasa wildfire activities 23.3.2 noaa wildfire activities 23.3.3 usda forest service wildfire activities 23.4 conclusion references
Scientists and managers alike need timely, cost-effective, and technically appropriate fire-related information to develop functional strategies for the diverse fire communities. Remote Sensing and Modeling Applications to Wildland Fires addresses wildtand fire management needs by presenting discussions that link ecology and the physical sciences from local to regional levels, views on integrated decision support data for policy and decision makers, new technologies and techniques, and future challenges and how remote sensing might help to address them. While creating awareness of wildland fire management and rehabilitation issues, hands-on experience in applying remote sensing and simulation modeling is also shared.This book will be a useful reference work for researchers, practitioners andgraduate students in the fields of fire science, remote sensing and modeling applications.
