社会迷乱决定因素研究
2009-10
人民出版社
赵若辉
207
无
犯罪这颗毒瘤历来是社会诸热点问题之一，千百年来解释犯罪原因、控制、预防及矫正的理论层出不穷。一般而言，犯罪学理论可简单地分为宏观理论（macro-level theories）与微观理论（micro-level theories）。在宏观层面上，犯罪学家们往往为发掘犯罪或偏差之社会结构方面的原因绞尽脑汁。这些理论主要包括社会控制理论（social control theory）、社会解体理论（social disorganization theory）及文化冲突理论（culture conflict theory）等等。而在微观方面，犯罪学理论则较关注个人因素（individual factors），例如生物特征与心理轨迹与犯罪或偏差之间的关系。这方面的理论不外乎理性选择理论（rational choice theory）、犯罪生物学理论（biology of criminal conduct）与犯罪心理学理论（psychology of criminal conduct）等。除此之外，尚有为数不少的理论试图在宏观与微观方面寻求某种平衡点，以弥补两者对解释犯罪原因有所偏颇或疏漏的困境，其中社会迷乱理论即为其中最为重要的犯罪学理论之一。
由于犯罪学家对“迷乱”这一核心概念的理解与解释各不相同，自20世纪中叶至本世纪初，他们运用不同的实证研究方法对这一概念进行了研究，以期发现预测个人与社会迷乱程度的关联因素。本书在总结既往相关研究的基础上，运用跨国数据库与分层线性统计模型，对“迷乱”这一概念进行实证研究，以期验证默顿等犯罪学家就若干人口变量及经济变量在个人与国家（或地区）层面上是否可以解释现今社会迷乱特别是美国社会的迷乱现象。 具体而言，本书所使用之原始数据源自1995年《欧洲与世界价值观调查》（Europe and World Value Survey）及联合国有关调查。在对社会迷乱理论进行系统理论回顾、梳理及对既往实证研究进行总结后，借助分层线性模型，系统研究30个主要国家及地区的人口变量及经济变量在个人与国家层面上对社会迷乱之影响。 本项实证研究的结果表明，在诸多涉及个人层面的人口变量之中，性别、年龄和婚姻状况等三个主要变量为社会迷乱理论之重要预测因素。而部分与经济有关的变量在个人和国家层面上均显示出对社会迷乱显著的影响。在全部自变量中，社会变迁，特别是一个国家是否曾经历剧烈的历史变迁，对社会迷乱的影响最甚。这项研究支持下述假设：诸国均存在一定程度的社会迷乱，社会迷乱如涂尔干所预测的那样具有普遍性；当个人关注于物质财富上的成功而甚少关注以合理合法的手段来取得这一成功的时候，社会迷乱就会发生；美国社会迷乱的平均水平并非如默顿所预言的那么高，这或许表明“美国梦”正逐渐丧失其由金钱及物欲驱动的本性，人们的思想正在经历一系列的“价值转变”。
Dr. Ruohui Zhao is currently an assistant professor of criminology at University of Macau, Macau SAR, China. She earned her Ph.D. in cririainal justice from University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA. Her research interests include criminological theory, juvenile delinquency, and community-based corrections. Her articles have recently appeared or are forthcoming in such journals as Social Forces, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, and Criminal Justice and Behavior,
CHAPTER ONE STATEMNET OF THE PROBLEM Introduction Main Criminological Theories to Explain Crime Anomie Theory Verification of A Theory Purpose of The Current Study The Current Study Organization of The Book CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE Historical Evolution of Anomie Theory Theoretical Perspectives The Anomie Perspective Durkheim's Theory on Social Structure and Anomie Merton's Instrumental Anomie and Differential Opportunity Strain Recent Revisions to Anomie Theory--Messner and Rosenfeld's Institutional Anomie Theory The Strain Perspeetive--A Brief Discussion Definition and Consequences of Anomie Durkheim and Merton's Conceptualization of Anomie Later Conceptualization of Anomie Macro-social Anomie vs. Micro-individual Anomie Operationalization of the Concept of Anomie Scales of Anomie Explanatory Variables Used in the Previous Studies One Country Studies:Economic-related Explanatory Variables and Findings One Country Studies:Non-economic Explanatory Variables and Findings Cross-national Studies:Explanatory Variables and Findings Significance of The Current Study CHAPTER THREE METHODS The Research Hypotheses The Necessity of Using Multilevel Analysis The Importance of Multi-Level Analysis Limitations of Previous Statistical Techniques in Conducting Multi-Level Analysis The Advantages of Using Multilevel Statistical Methods Procedures in Conducting the HLM Analysis The Sample Individual-level Data Source:The World Values Survey National-level Data Sources The Variables The Dependent Variable The Independent Variables CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS Descriptive Analysis Nation Differences in Anomie The Independent Variables at the Individual-level The Independent Variables at the National-level The HLM Analysis CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Clarification of the Concept of Anomie The Determinants of Anomie Explaining the Low Level of Anomie in the United States Monetary Success vs. Legitimate Means Further Discussions on the "Value Shift" The Effect of Rapid Social Change on Anomie Change from One Type of Society to Another --The Nation Effect on Anomie Interaction of Economic Growth with Nation Type The Limitations of the Present Study and Suggestions for the Future Research Conclusion REFERENCES APPENDIX ONE APPENDIX TWO ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 后记
state of anomie， a breakdown in the ability of society to regulate the natural appetites of individuals （Void et al， 2002 ）. Durkheim saw all societies as being in some stage of progression between the mechanical and the organic structures， with no society being totally one or the other （Void et al，2002）. Law plays a critical role in maintaining the social solidarity of both types of societies. In the mechanical society， law functions to en- force the uniformity of the members and thus is oriented toward re- pressing any deviation from the norms. Such law is often termed as "repressive law". In the organic society， law functions to regulate the interactions of the various parties of society and provides restitution in cases of wrongful transactions. Such law is often termed as "restitution- al law" （Durkheim， [1893 ] 1984）.Durkheim argued that in the me- chanical society（ collective conscience dominates the society）， crime is "normal" in the sense that a society without crime would be pathologically over controlled. As the society develops toward the organic form， it is possible for a pathological state， anomie， to occur， and such a state would produce a variety of social maladies， including crime （Void et al， 2002 ； Lanier & Henry， 2004 ）. Durkheim believed that a high level of crime is the result of societal change from mechanical society to organic society. When a society moves from mechanical society to organic society， the moral regulation of behavior is undermined by the structural divisions and by a cult of the individual， which promotes unlimited aspirations， and some of which involve criminal behavior（Durkheim， [ 1893 ] 1984）.
无
犯罪学的实证研究书籍，值得看看