方法与技术（下）
2010-8
科学出版社
斯奎尔 编
550
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什么是百科全书？这一名词来自于两个希腊单词：enkuklios（意思是循环的）和paideia（意思是教育）。在16世纪早期，拉丁手稿的抄写者们将这两个单词合而为一，其在英语中演化为一个单词，意思是具有广泛指导意义的工具书（The American Heritage Dictionary，2000，Boston：Houghton Mifflin，p.589）。从其来源可见，其希腊文原词中蕴含着以探索、综合的方式努力获取知识的含义。无论是拉丁文还是英文，该单词泛指涵盖广泛领域知识的工具书。希腊文中强调的以创造性手段获取知识，在神经科学领域尤其适用。神经科学本身就是一个非常新的名词。Francis Schmitt在本书第一版的前言中指出，本书的编写过程就是将不同领域的科学家们聚集在一起，冲击大脑研究中最顽固的难题。他推动建立了神经科学研究项目（Neuroscience Research。Program，简称NRP）。早期的NIRP成员包括一些学术巨匠，如因关于光合作用的研究获得诺贝尔奖的Melvin Calvin、诺贝尔奖获得者物理化学家Manfred：Eigen、生物化学家Alberc Lehninger，和当时正在努力破解基因编码的年轻分子生物学家Marshall Nirenberg。Schmitt建立NRP的时候，神经科学作为一门综合学科还几乎不存在。微电极的发明使神经生理学家们得以记录单细胞的电活动，但是几乎不可能甄别其生物化学特性。一个重要的推进来自20世纪60年代中期涌现的Falck-Hillarp荧光显微镜技术，它能够选择性地观察儿茶酚胺和5.羟色胺能神经元。这些胺类通路的研究又很快使得检测选择性损伤后效应的行为学家们和生化学家们开始合作研究，使得后者的工作不再局限于在整个脑组织匀浆的水平研究神经递质。20世纪70年代关于神经递质受体的生化研究、它们位点的放射自显影研究，以及神经多肽的免疫组织化学研究，更是进一步促进了神经生理学家、神经解剖学家、神经化学家和神经药理学家们的对话。而过去两个世纪以来，分子生物学技术手段的应用更加丰富了这一交流。
《神经科学百科全书》旨在将本学科丰富多元的内容条理化并仔细介绍，从而推动不同学术分支之间的沟通，提供权威的信息来源。该书面向较为广泛的读者群体，既包括初入神经科学研究的学生，也包括寻求特定专题知识的普通读者。无论是神经科学家，还是正在学习神经科学的本科生和研究生，或生命科学领域的教师、科普作家，都会从该参考书中获益。
编者：（美国）斯奎尔（Larry R.Squire）
电生理学方法 Aging: Brain Potential Measures and Reaction Time Studies Auditory Evoked Potentials Deep Brain Stimulation Electroencephalography (EEG) Electrolocation Electromyography (EMG) and Nerve Conduction Studies Electrophysiology: EEG and ERPAnalysis Electroretinography Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) and Cognitive Processing Evoked Potentials: Clinical Evoked Potentials: Recording Methods Executive Function and Higher-Order Cognition: EEG Studies Glial Glutamate Transporters: Electrophysiology Human Depth Electrodes Magnetoencephalography Neuropeptides: Electrophysiology Neurophysiology: Past and Present Single Cell PCR Coupled with Electrophysiology Sleep Oscillations人类实验方法 Cognitive Neuroscience: An Overview Dichotic Listening Studies of Brain Asymmetry Eye Tracking and Mental Illness Human Methods: Psychophysics Motor Psychophysics Neuroethics Neuropsychological Testing Neuropsychology: Theoretical Basis Phrenology Psycholinguistics Psychophysics of Attention Saccades and Visual Search Task Switching Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation成像技术 Alzheimer's Disease: MRI Studies Atomic Force Microscopy Methodologies Awareness: Functional Imaging Brain Injury: Magnetic Resonance Studies of Metabolic Aspects Cellular Dynamics Revealed by Digital Holographic Microscopy Cholinergic System Imaging in the Healthy Aging Process and Alzheimer Disease Cognition: An Overview of Neuroimaging Techniques Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) Drug Addiction: Neuroimaging Emotion: Neuroimaging Executive Function and Higher-Order Cognition: Neuroimaging fMRI: BOLD Contrast . Functional Connectivity Functional Imaging of the Motor System Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Aging Glial Energy Metabolism: A NMR Spectroscopy Perspective Imaging Studies Using Reporter-Gene Transgenic Rats Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Mass Spectroscopy of Proteins Monoamines: Human Brain Imaging Neuroimaging Nutrition Optical Imaging of Intrinsic Signals Optical Monitoring of Exo- and Endocytosis Pain: Neuroimaging Perfusion MRI Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Prediction Errors in Neural Processing: Imaging in Humans Reward Processing: Human Imaging Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT):Technique Social Emotion: Neuroimaging Two-Photon Imaging Visual Cortex: Mapping of Functional Architecture Using Optical Imaging .. Voxel Based Morphometry原书词条中英对照表
插图：Normal aging affects brain functions in a variety ofways. Some regions, such as prefrontal cortex, medialtemporal lobe, and neuromodulatory systems （cholin-ergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic）, show markedage-related changes, whereas other regions, such asprimary sensory and motor regions, show compara-tively little change during normal aging. Age-relatedchanges in memory function are also selective, whichis related to regional differences in the impact of brainaging. In general, age-related declines are most evi-dent in certain types of explicit memory tasks thatrequire conscious retrieval of remembered informa-tion, but they are small or absent for many implicitmemory tasks. For example, episodic memory is onetype of explicit memory, and it is defined as memoryfor specific events and their context, such as remem-bering what one did last weekend. In contrast,implicit memory can be expressed even if a persondoes not consciously remember a specific learningepisode or cannot articulate what was learned. Anexample of implicit memory is the gradual develop-ment of proficiency in various kinds of motor skills,such as riding a bicycle. Because the adverse effects ofaging are most evident for explicit memory, this arti-cle focuses on event-related potential （ERP） and elec-troencephalogram （EEG） findings while subjectsperform explicit memory tasks. For most studies ofhuman aging, the comparison group of young sub-jects consists of young adult college students, typi-cally between the ages of 18 and 25 years. Dependingon the study, older subjects can range in age from the60s, termed 'young-old,' to older than 90years,termed the 'oldest-old.'
《神经科学百科全书6:方法与技术(下)(影印版·导读版)》：《神经科学百科全书》原书篇幅巨大，为所有神经科学百科全书之首。由来自世界各地的2400多位专家撰稿人合力打造，覆盖了神经科学全部主要领域。书中每个词条在收入书中之前均经过顾问委员会的同行评议。词条中均含有词汇表、引言、参考文献和丰富的交叉参考内容。主编为著名神经科学家、美国神经科学学会前主席Larry R.Squire。内容平易，本科生即可读懂。深度和广度独一无二，足可满足专家学者的需要。导读版精选原书中的部分主题，按内容重新编排，更适合国内读者购买和阅读。
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