局域网与城域网
2003-12-1
电子工业出版社
William Stallings
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这本英文原版教材对局域网/城域网技术进行了全面的探讨，既强调了基本原理，也注重在设计局域网/城域网时性能的重要性。本书还涉及了各种高速和无线局域网、与QoS相关的技术以及网络之间的互联和广域网。全书包括四个部分。第一部分提供必要的技术背景，内容包括对数据通信和网络中的一些论题的简要回顾以及对协议与TCP/IP协议栈的介绍。第二部分讨论局域网的一般性问题，内容包括局域网实现过程中常用的拓扑结构和传输介质、局域网协议体系结构以及LLC的详细内容。第三部分是本书的重点，主要介绍五种相关类型的局域网，内容包括以太网、令牌环网、光纤信道局域网与无线局域网以及异步传输模式（ATM）局域网。第四部分讨论有关局域网设计的一些问题，包括用网桥进行局域网互联、网际互联、网络管理及性能考虑等问题。
本书适合高等院校电子、计算机、通信类专业作为双语教学的教材，也适应专业技术人员参考。
1.1 THE NEED FOR LOCAL NETWORKS 2
1.2 LANs, MANs, AND WANs 3
1.2.1 Wide Area Network 3
1.2.2 Local Area Network 4
1.2.3 Metropolitan Area Networks 6
1.3 APPLICATIONS OF LANS AND MANS 7
1.3.1 Personal Computer Local Networks 7
1.3.2 Backend Networks and Storage Area Networks 7
1.3.3 High-Speed Office Networks 10
1.3.4 Backbone Local Networks 10
1.3.5 Factory Local Networks 11
1.4 LOCAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 12
1.4.1 Information Distribution 12
1.4.2 Tiered LANs 12
1.4.3 Evolution Scenario 14
1.5 LANs, WANs, AND THE INTERNET 15
1.6 RECOMMENDED READING 16
1.7 PROBLEMS 17
APPENDIX 1A INTERNET AND WEB RESOURCES 17
Part 1 Technical Background 19
Chapter 2 Topics in Data Communications 20
2.1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS CONCEPTS 21
2.1.1 Analog and Digital Data Communications 21
2.1.2 Data Encoding Techniques 24
2.1.3 Multiple xing 30
2.2 TRANSMISSION MEDIA 32
2.2.1 Twisted Pair 32
2.2.2 Coaxial Cable 37
2.2.3 Optical Fiber 37
2.2.4 Unguided Media 39
2.3 DATA COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS 40
2.3.1 Circuit Switching 41
2.3.2 Packet Switching 42
2.3.3 Multirate Circuit Switching 46
2.3.4 Frame Relay 47
2.3.5 Cell Relay 47
2.4 RECOMMENDED READING AND WEB SITES 48
2.5 PROBLEMS 48
APPENDIX 2A DECIBELS AND SIGNAL STRENGTH 49
Chapter 3 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 52
3.1 THE NEED FOR A PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE 53
3.2 THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE 54
3.2.1 The TCP/IP Layers 54
3.2.2 Operation of TCP and IP 55
3.2.3 TCP/IP Applications 57
3.3 The OSI Model 58
3.4 INTERNETWORKING 60
3.4.1 Routers 61
3.4.2 Internetworking Example 61
3.5 RECOMMENDED READING 62
3.6 PROBLEMS 63
APPENDIX 3A INTERNET PROTOCOL 66
APPENDIX 3B TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL 68
APPENDIX 3C USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL 71
Part 2 LAN/MAN Architecture 73
Chapter 4 Topologies and Transmission Media 74
4.1 TOPOLOGY OVERVIEW 75
4.1.1 Bus and Tree Topologies 75
4.1.2 Ring Topology 77
4.1.3 Star Topology 78
4.1.4 Choice of Topology 78
4.1.5 Choice of Transmission Medium 79
4.1.6 Relationship between Medium and Topology 80
4.2 BUS/TREE TOPOLOGY 81
4.2.1 Characteristics of the Bus/Tree Topology 81
4.2.2 Baseband Coaxial Cable 82
4.2.3 Broadband Coaxial Cable 84
4.3 RING TOPOLOGY 85
4.3.1 Description 85
4.3.2 Ring Benefits 87
4.3.3 Potential Ring Problems 87
4.3.4 Star-Ring Architecture 89
4.4 STAR TOPOLOGY 93
4.4.1 Twisted Pair and Optical Fiber Star LANs 93
4.4.2 Hubs and Switches 95
4.5 STRUCTURED CABLING SYSTEM 98
4.6 RECOMMENDED READING AND WEB SITES 101
4.7 PROBLEMS 101
APPENDIX 4A CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE 104
Chapter 5 Protocol Architecture 107
5.1 PROTOCOL REFERENCE MODEL 108
5.2 LOGICAL LINK CONTROL 109
5.2.1 Principles 109
5.2.2 Addressing 111
5.3 MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL 114
5.3.1 MAC Techniques 114
5.3.2 MAC Frame Format 116
5.4 BRIDGES AND ROUTERS 117
5.4.1 Bridges 118
5.4.2 Routers 120
5.4.3 Networking Devices 122
5.5 RECOMMENDED READING AND WEB SITE 123
APPENDIX 5A THE IEEE 802 STANDARDS 123
APPENDIX 5B THE CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK 125
Chapter 6 Logical Link Control 127
6.1 LLC SERVICES 128
6.1.1 Unacknowledged Connectionless Service 128
6.1.2 Connection-Mode Service 128
6.1.3 Acknowledged Connectionless Service 131
6.2 LLC PROTOCOLS 132
6.2.1 LLC Types and Classes 132
6.2.2 LLC Protocol Data Units 132
6.2.3 Type 1 Operation 134
6.2.4 Type 2 Operation 135
6.2.5 Type 3 Operation 138
6.3 PROBLEMS 138
APPENDIX 6A SERVICE PRIMITIVES AND PARAMETERS 138
APPENDIX 6B FLOW CONTROl 140
APPENDIX 6C ERROR CONTROL 145
Part 3 LAN/MAN Systems 149
Chapter 7 Ethernet LANs 151
7.1 CSMA/CD 152
7.1.1 Precursors 152
7.1.2 Description of CSMA/CD 155
7.1.3 MAC Frame 157
7.1.4 MAC Compatibility Considerations 159
7.2 10-Mbps ETHERNET 160
7.2.1 Medium Access Unit 161
7.2.2 10BASE5 Medium Specification 161
7.2.3 10BASE2 Medium Specification 161
7.2.4 10BASE-T Medium Specification 162
7.2.5 10BASE-F Medium Specification 163
7.3 100-Mbps ETHERNET 164
7.3.1 100BASE-X 165
7.3.2 100BASE-T4 165
7.3.3 Configuration and Operation 166
7.3.4 Autonegotiation 170
7.4 GIGABIT ETHERNET 171
7.4.1 Protocol Architecture 172
7.4.2 Media Access Layer 172
7.4.3 Physical Layer 173
7.5 RECOMMENDED READING AND WEB SITES 174
7.6 PROBLEMS 174
APPENDIX 7A DIGITAL SIGNAL ENCODING FOR 100BASE-T 176
APPENDIX 7B DIGITAL SIGNAL ENCODING FOR GIGABIT ETHERNET 181
APPENDIX 7C SCRAMBLING 183
Chapter 8 Token Ring LANs and MANs 186
8.1 IEEE 802.5 TOKEN RING MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL 187
8.1.1 MAC Protocol 187
8.1.2 MAC Frame 188
8.1.3 Token Ring Priority 191
8.1.4 Token Maintenance 194
8.1.5 Early Token Release 194
8.1.6 Dedicated Token Ring 194
8.2 IEEE 802.5 PHYSICAL LAYER 196
8.3 FDDI 196
8.3.1 MAC Frame 196
8.3.2 MAC Protocol 199
8.3.3 Capacity Allocation 200
8.3.4 FDDI Physical Layer Specification 205
8.4 RECOMMENDED READING AND WEB SITES 206
8.5 PROBLEMS 206
Chapter 9 Fibre Channel 208
9.1 FIBRE CHANNEL ARCHITECTURE 210
9.1.1 Fibre Channel Elements 210
9.1.2 Fibre Channel Protocol Architecture 212
9.2 PHYSICAL MEDIA AND TOPOLOGIES 215
9.2.1 Transmission Media 215
9.2.2 Topologies 217
9.3 FRAMING PROTOCOL 218
9.3.1 Classes of Service 218
9.3.2 Frames, Sequences, and Exchanges 221
9.3.3 Flow Control 224
9.3.4 Frame Format 227
9.4 RECOMMENDED READING AND WEB SITES 230
9.5 PROBLEMS 231
Chapter 10 Wireless LANs 232
10.1 OVERVIEW 233
10.1.1 Wireless LANs Applications 233
10.1.2 Wireless LAN Requirements 236
10.1.3 Wireless LAN Technology 238
10.2 INFRARED LANs 238
10.2.1 Strengths and Weaknesses 238
10.2.2 Transmission Techniques 239
10.3 SPREAD SPECTRUM LANs 241
10.3.1 Spread Spectrum Communications 241
10.3.2 Spread Spectrum LAN Design 245
10.4 NARROWBAND MICROWAVE LANs 247
10.4.1 Licensed Narrowband RF 247
10.4.2 Unlicensed Narrowband RF 248
10.5 WIRELESS LAN STANDARDS 248
10.5.1 IEEE 802.11 Services 249
10.5.2 Physical Medium Specification 250
10.5.3 Medium Access Control 250
10.6 RECOMMENDATION READING AND WEB SITES 255
10.7 PROBLEMS 255
Chapter 11 ATM LANs 257
11.1 ATM LAN Architecture 258
11.2 ATM LAN Emulation 263
11.2.1 Protocol Architecture 265
11.2.2 Emulated LANs 265
11.2.3 LAN Emulation Clients and Servers 266
11.2.4 LAN Emulation Scenario 268
11.2.5 LAN Emulation Frame Formats 270
11.3 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 272
11.4 Problems 273
Appendix 11A Asynchronous Transfer Mode 274
Appendix 11B ATM Adaptation Layer 283
Part 4 Design Issues 291
Chapter 12 Bridges 292
12.1 BRIDGE OPERATION 293
12.1.1 Functions of a Bridge 293
12.1.2 Bridge Protocol Architecture 293
12.2 ROUTING WITH BRIDGES 295
12.3 SPANNING TREE ROUTING 299
12.3.1 Basic Operation 299
12.3.2 Frame Forwarding 303
12.3.3 Address Learning 304
12.3.4 Spanning Tree Algorithm 305
12.3.5 Bridge Protocol Data Units 310
12.4 SOURCE ROUTING 312
12.4.1 Basic Operation 312
12.4.2 Routing Directives and Addressing Modes 313
12.4.3 Route Discovery and Selection 316
12.4.4 Frame Format 317
12.4.5 Spanning Tree versus Source Routing 319
12.4.6 Source Routing Transparent 320
12.5 TRAFFIC CLASSES AND QUALITY OF SERVICE 321
12.5.1 The Use of Traffic Classes 322
12.5.2 Mapping of User Priority to Traffic Class 323
12.5.3 Internet Traffic Quality of Service 325
12.6 RECOMMENDED READING 326
12.7 PROBLEMS 326
Chapter 13 Internetworking and Routers 328
13.1 Internetworking 329
13.1.1 Protocol Architecture 329
13.1.2 Design Issues 331
13.2 Routing 335
13.2.1 Autonomous Systems 336
13.2.2 Border Gateway Protocol 337
13.2.3 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol 342
13.3 Recommended Reading 348
13.4 Problems 348
Chapter 14 Network Management 350
14.1 NETWORK MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS 351
14.1.1 Fault Management 351
14.1.2 Accounting Management 353
14.1.3 Configuration and Name Management 353
14.1.4 Performance Management 354
14.1.5 Security Management 355
14.2 NETWORK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 355
14.3 SIMPLE NETWORK MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL (SNMP) 357
14.3.1 Basic Concepts 357
14.3.2 Protocol Specification 361
14.3.3 SNMPv2 364
14.3.4 SNMPv3 369
14.4 LAN-SPECIFIC NETWORK MANAGEMENT 370
14.4.1 The Special Importance of LAN Management 370
14.4.2 LAN Network Control Center 371
14.5 RECOMMENDED READING AND WEB SITE 373
14.6 PROBLEM 374
Chapter 15 LAN Performance 375
15.1 Performance Considerations 376
15.1.1 Measures of Performance 376
15.1.2 Effect of Propagation Delay and Transmission Rate 378
15.1.3 Factors That Affect Performance 383
15.2 LAN Performance 384
15.2.1 Bounds on Performance 384
15.2.2 Comparative Performance of Token Passing and CSMA/CD 391
15.2.3 Behavior of Contention Protocols 396
15.3 Recommended Reading 404
15.4 Problems 404
Glossary 406
References 413
Index 417
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