元朝中葉中央權力結構與政治生態（上）
2012
花木蘭文化出版社
傅光森
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元朝中葉是觀察邊疆民族統治全中國的最佳時期，因為這個時期蒙古人已逐漸停止征伐，而維持帝國和平與鞏固中央政權成為首要國策。但是忽必烈的繼承者，元朝中葉諸帝的更替頻繁，加上此時期史料殘缺不全，因而較少獲得學者關注，撰者乃基於這個研究背景而探索此時期中央政府的權力鬥爭與政治作用。
蒙古與色目、漢人勳貴，也就是所謂「大根腳」家族，與蒙元皇室構成統治階層，他們分成二個系統，一個是代表蒙古傳統以征戰為主的怯薛系統；另一個是代表政府管理的官僚系統。
在這兩個系統的分合之下，首相逐步掌握了財政權與禁衛軍，造成相權的突出，首相從官僚首腦演進為軍閥權臣，這也是元朝中葉中央權力結構的最大特色。
元朝中葉中央政治生態的最大變化是色目勳貴地位的提升，色目人在忽必烈時期原以怯薛系統的畏吾兒人，官僚系統的回回人最為重要，武宗海山之後，康里、阿速、欽察等色目軍閥成立侍衛親軍，成為中央基本武力，也是最重要的隱形力量。南坡之變後，中央蒙古統治階層幾乎全面瓦解，泰定帝也孫鐵木兒以漠北外藩繼統，回回人再度掌控官僚系統。天曆政變後，欽察軍官燕鐵木兒則利用其軍事專業擊潰上都政權，擁立文宗圖帖睦爾，並掌控怯薛與官僚系統，元朝也進入軍閥權臣時代。
傅光森，1958年出生於臺灣南投，淡江大學歷史學系學士，東海大學歷史研究所碩士，中興大學歷史學博士。現為中國醫藥大學、朝陽科技大學、中臺科技大學、勤益科技大學、弘光科技大學兼任助理教授。曾擔任教育部助理秘書、臺灣高等法院臺中分院科員、臺南藝術大學秘書、國立臺灣美術館股長、臺灣省文獻委員會組長、國史館臺灣文獻館編纂等公職。自幼即對史地有著濃厚興趣，追隨東海大學古鴻廷教授研讀清代官制，並在其指導下，完成碩士論文《清代總督制度》，後師事中興大學王明蓀教授攻讀蒙元史專業，以《元朝中葉中央權力結構與政治生態》取得博士學位。近年來研究方向，主要集中在蒙古語直譯體史料《元典章》及波斯語伊兒汗國史料《瓦薩夫書》的解讀。
上 冊
緒 論············································································ 1
第一章 元貞體制與守成政治··································· 19
第一節 官僚首腦相權的確立································· 20
一、完澤首相在新舊體制中地位權責的比較··· 21
二、蒙古世勳位列三公····································· 29
第二節 君權的限制與突破····································· 41
一、闊闊真隆福宮勢力的擴張·························· 41
二、鐵穆耳的君權展開····································· 53
第三節 官僚的崛興················································ 64
一、中書省已無不忽木····································· 64
二、大德二年的珍寶欺詐案····························· 69
三、賽梁秉政與朱清張瑄賄賂案······················ 80
第二章 大德更政與至大新政··································· 91
第一節 相權的獨立與擴張····································· 92
一、哈剌哈孫與儒治政府································· 92
二、相權與后權的結合與分裂························ 101
第二節 海山的大蒙古國世界······························· 118
一、兩個不同的世界觀··································· 118
二、權力重編與統治勢力構成························ 123
第三節 尚書省與創治改法··································· 140
一、尚書省的籌設與挫折······························· 141
二、尚書省的大政府功能······························· 146
下 冊
第三章 延祐儒治與至治專制································· 157
第一節 法制整備下君權的擴張··························· 159
一、愛育黎拔力八達與君權的提昇················ 159
二、專制君主碩德八剌的獨裁統治················ 171
第二節 相權的變革·············································· 181
一、鐵木迭兒權勢之演進與衰退···················· 183
二、拜住與至治新政······································· 193
第三節 統治危機與體制崩解······························· 201
一、中書省官僚集團儒治化的演進················ 202
二、宣徽院怯薛集團的弒君行動···················· 209
第四章 泰定體制與漠北政權································· 225
第一節 君權的繼承與延續··································· 225
一、晉王稱帝的正統性與合法性···················· 226
二、泰定皇帝漢法統御之術與威權政治········· 236
第二節 君臣一體下的相權發展··························· 243
一、左右丞相新權力模式······························· 244
二、新權力結構中三公與相權關係之演進····· 258
第三節 新統治集團權力系統之建構···················· 264
一、晉邸集團在宿衛系統的安排與展開········· 264
二、回回大臣主導下的中書省························ 272
第五章 天曆政變與權臣擅政································· 279
第一節 權臣時代的開展······································· 280
一、海山系統的機會······································· 280
二、明文禪替中的權臣··································· 296
第二節 君權的分享·············································· 304
一、明文禪替中君權的考察··························· 305
二、軍政府下的文治作為······························· 311
第三節 天曆政變集團的擴張與演變···················· 318
一、怯薛官僚的崛起與衰落··························· 318
二、權臣家族勢力的興起與取代···················· 330
結 論········································································ 337
參考書目···································································· 345
圖表目次
表1-1 忽必烈時期的四大蒙古勳臣重要怯薛暨
官僚職務····················································· 34
表1-2 元朝君臣對遠征八百媳婦國之意見············ 59
表1-3 遠征八百媳婦國過程表······························· 60
表1-4 太子舊臣集團成員經歷······························· 68
表1-5 蒙元各時期任用怯薛概略統計···················· 75
表2-1 朝廷更政重要詔書條畫······························· 96
表2-2 大德七年奉使宣撫地區及特使···················· 97
表2-3 《元史‧成宗本紀》所載山西大地震朝廷
救濟政策··················································· 105
表2-4 大德中期政府改組中書省大臣變動狀況··· 107
表2-5 大德年間幾個重要勢力集團的瓦解·········· 117
表2-6 脫虎脫重要史事紀錄································· 152
表2-7 三寶奴重要史事紀錄································· 152
表2-8 樂實重要史事紀錄···································· 153
表2-9 保八重要史事紀錄···································· 154
表2-10 尚書省臣綜合言事···································· 154
表3-1 至大四年新舊中書省大臣遷轉異動情況··· 167
表3-2 延祐七年懷孟集團重要成員動態·············· 174
表3-3 延祐七年正月至五月原任中書省大臣離
職動態······················································ 177
表3-4 延祐七年元月至五月新任中書省大臣就
職動態······················································ 178
表3-5 延祐七年元月至五月院臺等機構官員動
態······························································ 179
表3-6 至大元年至延祐三年太師重要記事·········· 184
表3-7 仁宗愛育黎拔力八達政權的中書右丞相··· 190
表3-8 禿忽魯、合散、伯答沙等首相之施政理念
比較·························································· 192
表3-9 拜住與也先鐵木兒家族世代表·················· 193
表3-10 武宗朝至英宗朝怯薛長輪值史料·············· 194
表3-11 拜住新政集團成員英宗朝動態·················· 200
表3-12 仁宗朝懷孟集團重要人物之仕途發展······ 203
表3-13 英宗朝期宰相層一覽································· 207
表3-14 仁宗、英宗朝重要知樞密院事·················· 210
表3-15 南坡之變參與謀弒集團人員背景表·········· 215
表4-1 也孫鐵木兒時期「王號授與」情況·········· 234
表4-2 也孫鐵木兒時期「宗王出鎮」情況·········· 235
表4-3 至治三年旭邁傑與倒剌沙之比較·············· 248
表4-4 泰定元年旭邁傑與倒剌沙之史料·············· 248
表4-5 倒剌沙與塔失帖木兒任職史料·················· 256
表4-6 泰定朝任三公三師之蒙古世勳·················· 259
表5-1 《元史‧文宗本紀》致和元年八月迎接兩
王紀錄······················································ 285
表5-2 兩都之戰中大都集團的蒙古色目將領······ 294
表5-3 天曆二年和世與圖帖睦爾會面所經路
線······························································ 298
表5-4 燕鐵木兒君父兄長之例····························· 302
表5-5 燕鐵木兒政變大都新舊政權名單·············· 318
表5-6 天曆政變集團省院臺重要大臣動態·········· 319
表5-7 文宗圖帖睦爾朝謀反案件一覽·················· 330
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