土木工程与建筑
2002-10
上海外语教育
程月芳总主编
439
大学英语教学大纲（修订本）规定大学英语教学分为基础阶段（一至二年级）和应用提高阶段（三至四年级）。应用提高阶段的教学包括专业英语（Subject.Based English，简称SBE）和高级英语（Advanced English，简称AE）两部分。大纲明确指出：“大学英语教学的目的是培养学生具有较强的阅读能力和一定的听、说、写、译能力，使他们能用英语交流信息。……以适应社会发展和经济建设的需要。”新世纪对人才在外语方面提出了更高的要求。抓好大学英语应用提高阶段的教学已势在必行。编写本教材的目的是帮助理工科学生在应用提高阶段进一步发展、巩固和提高基础阶段已掌握的读、听、写、说、译五种技能，并使部分有一定口语基础的学生在听说能力方面也能有较大的提高，以适应21世纪对高级人才的需求。 本教材主要适用于已完成基础阶段学习的高等学校理工科本科生，为应用提高阶段的必修课和选修课教材，也可用作研究生教学或工程技术人员的外语培训教材。 全套教材由专业教师和英语教师合作编写而成。它以英国语言学家H.G.Widdowson的交际法理论为依据，着重解决语言运用能力的培养问题，使学生将基础阶段已掌握的英语语言知识和技能在自己的专业领域中得到进一步实践和应用，从而达到能以英语为工具获取和交流信息的教学目的。
大学英语教学大纲（修订本）规定大学英语教学分为基础阶段（一至二年级）和应用提高阶段（三至四年级）。应用提高阶段的教学包括专业英语（Subject.Based English，简称SBE）和高级英语（Advanced English，简称AE）两部分。大纲明确指出：“大学英语教学的目的是培养学生具有较强的阅读能力和一定的听、说、写、译能力，使他们能用英语交流信息。……以适应社会发展和经济建设的需要。”新世纪对人才在外语方面提出了更高的要求。抓好大学英语应用提高阶段的教学已势在必行。编写本教材的目的是帮助理工科学生在应用提高阶段进一步发展、巩固和提高基础阶段已掌握的读、听、写、说、译五种技能，并使部分有一定口语基础的学生在听说能力方面也能有较大的提高，以适应21世纪对高级人才的需求。 本教材主要适用于已完成基础阶段学习的高等学校理工科本科生，为应用提高阶段的必修课和选修课教材，也可用作研究生教学或工程技术人员的外语培训教材。 全套教材由专业教师和英语教师合作编写而成。它以英国语言学家H.G.Widdowson的交际法理论为依据，着重解决语言运用能力的培养问题，使学生将基础阶段已掌握的英语语言知识和技能在自己的专业领域中得到进一步实践和应用，从而达到能以英语为工具获取和交流信息的教学目的。
宋黎 康海贵 丛书主编：程月芳 合著者：（英国）Geoff Thompson
UNIT ONEReading and Comprehension 1FRICTIONReading and Practice 6MECHANICAL VIBRATIONSReading and Translation 11TRUSSES AND CABLESUNIT TWOReading and Comprehension 16INTRODUCTION TO COMPONENT DESIGNReading and Practice 21STRESSReading and Translation 28CONCEPT OF STRAIN AT A POINTUNIT THREEReading and Comprehension 32THE ENERGY THEOREMSReading and Practice 38THE ENERGY THEOREMS (continued)Reading and Translation 43STRAIN ENERGYUNIT FOURReading and Comprehension 48REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMESReading and Practice 54STRUCTURESReading and Translation 65FORMWORK OF REINFORCED CONCRETEUNIT FIVEReading and Comprehension 69PARTS AND TYPES OF STEEL STRUCTUREReading and Practice 77BEHAVIOR OF STEEL AT EXTREME TEMPERATURESReading and Translation 84WELDING AND WELD LIMIT STATESUNIT SiXReading and Comprehension 91PROPERTIES OF FRESH CONCRETEReading and Practice 97DEFORMATIONReading and Translation 107CEMENTSUNIT SEVENReading and Comprehension 111DESIGN OF BUILDINGS AGAINST FIRE SPREADReading and Practice 117ASSESSMENT AND REPAIR OF FIRE DAMAGE TO CONCRETEReading and Translation 124GENERAL ASPECTS OF FIRE SAFETY DESIGNUNIT EIGHTReading and Comprehension 128INTRODUCTION TO SOIL MECHANICSReading and Practice 133THE SHEARING STRENGTH OF SOILReading and Translation 141THE NATURE OF SOILUNIT NINEReading and Comprehension 147FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOWReading and Practice 152FLUID STATICSReading and Translation 159COMPLEX PIPELINE SYSTEMSUNIT TENReading and Comprehension 164SURVEYINGReading and Practice 170THE RELIABILITY OF A SURVEYReading and Translation 178TRIANGULATIONUNIT ELEVENReading and Comprehension 183WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERINGReading and Practice 190GLOBAL WARMINGReading and Translation 199LIFE CYCLE ANALYSISUNIT TWELVEReading and Comprehension 203MOUND BREAKWATERSReading and Practice 209CAISSON FOUNDATIONSReading and Translation 216PORT PLANNING METHODS AND MODELSUNIT THIRTEENReading and Comprehension 220HIGHWAY LOCATION IN URBAN AREASReading and Practice 224STRESS CONSIDERATIONS IN CONCRETE ROAD SLABSReading and Translation 231PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE AND STRENGTHENINGUNIT FOURTEENReading and Comprehension 236BRIDGE ENGINEERING AND AESTHETICSReading and Practice 242LOADS AND LOADING GROUPSReading and Trahslation 251BASIC PHILOSOPHY OF SEISMIC DESIGNUNiT FIFTEENReading and Comprehension 255FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSTRUCTION QUALITYReading and Practice 260ESTIMATINGReading and Translation 266CONTRACTS FOR ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURALSERVICESUNIT SIXTEENReading and Comprehension 270LIBRARY ADDITION IN HISTORIC MASSACHUSETTSReading and Practice 276BROOKSIDE: A TWO-FAMILY HOUSEReading and Translation 284LIGHTING FOR SPACE DEFINITION AND VISUAL COMFORTUNIT SEVENTEENReading and Comprehension 289GROUNDWORKSReading and Practice 293SITE APPRAISAL AND ANALYSISReading and Translation 301STREET AND LOT LAYOUTUNIT EIGHTEENReading and Comprehension 309LONG-SPAN PRECAST SYSTEM FOR A SCIENCE CENTERReading and Practice 315DIRECT COST OF TALL BUILDINGSReading and Translation 322ESTHETICS OF TALL BUILDINGSUNIT NINETEENReading and Comprehension 326SKILLSReading and Practice 330THE DESIGN PROCESS IN STANDARD PRACTICEReading and Translation 339THE TRADITIONAL BUILDING PROCESSUNIT TWENTYReading and Comprehension 346FIRE PROBLEMS IN FINISHED BUILDINGSReading and Practice 351ACTIVE HVAC SYSTEMSReading and Translation 359INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL PATH METHODPractical Writing1 Application Letter2 Business Letter3 Invitation Card4 Notice5 Resume6 Postcard7 Business Card8 Memorandum9 Advertisement10 Contract11 Laboratory Report12 Proposal Report13 Feasibility Report14 Title and Key Words15 Abstract16 Bibliography17 Degree Paper (Ⅰ)18 Degree Paper (Ⅱ)19 Degree Paper (Ⅲ)20 Academic PaperGLOSSARY
The test is suitable for a wide range of mixes and, unlike the slump and compacting factor tests, it is sensitive to variations in workability of very dry and also air-entrained concretes. It is also more sensitive to variation in aggregate characteristicssuch as shape and surface texture. The reproducibility of results is good. As for other tests, its accuracy tends to decrease with increasing maximum size of aggregate;above 20 mm the test results become somewhat unreliable. However, BS 1881: Part104 permits its use for concrete having aggregate of maximum size up to 40 mm. Forconcretes requiring very little vibration for compaction the Vebe time is only about 3s. Such results are likely to be less reliable than for larger Vebe times because of thedifficulty in estimating the time of the end point （concrete in contact with the wholeof the underside of the plastic disc）. At the other end of the workability range, suchas with very dry mixes, the recorded Vebe times are likely to be in excess of theirtrue workability since prolonged vibration is required to remove the entrapped airbubbles under the transparent disc. To overcome this difficulty an automatic devicewhich records the vertical settlement of the disc with respect to time can be attachedto the apparatus. This recording device can also assist in eliminating human error injudging the end point. The al~paratus for the Vebe test is more expensive than thatfor the slump and compactingfactor tests, requiring an electric power supply andgreater experience in handling; all these factors make it more suitable for the precastconcrete industry and ready-mixed concrete plants than for general site use.
